Вопрос № 912197 - Английский язык

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1_______. The President’s term of office is four years, together with the Vice-President, elected for the same term. 2_______. The Cabinet advises the President on many matters and is composed of the heads of ten executive departments: Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense and others.
3_______. The Supreme Court may veto any law passed by the Congress if it contradicts the Constitution of the USA.
The USA is a federal union, and the President is the head of the federal government, which deals with international problems and national matters. But every state has its own constitution and state government headed by the congress and managing their local affairs. 4_______.

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The USA is a presidential republic. The legislative power of the USA is vested in the Congress of the USA. 1_______. It consists of two chambers – the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is made up of 100 members (2 from each state) elected for a term of 4 years. 2_______. To be elected a Senator, a person must be at least 30 years old, and have been a citizen of the USA for at least 9 years. 3_______. The number of representatives from each state depends on its population, but each state is represented. To be elected a representative, a person must be at least 25 years old, and have been a citizen of the USA for at least 7 years. 4_______. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is the Speaker.

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Governments have many ways of making sure that citizens obey the law. 1_______. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They authorize courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. 2_______. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
3_______. Many people do not know where to find these records and do not find it easy to read them. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. 4_______. Sometimes this seems very harsh, for example, when the law is very technical. Shopkeepers in England have been prosecuted for selling books on Sunday, although they were allowed to sell magazines. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing civil cases. Many judges sit on courts that hear only civil cases, and some specialize even more narrowly, serving permanently on courts or divisions that handle only probate, domestic relations, or bankruptcy cases.
In most respects, the powers and responsibilities of judges in civil cases are similar to those in criminal cases.
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The great majority of judges spend at least part of their time hearing …

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Attorneys are usually present in all but the most minor civil cases. Their participation is marked by specialization: lawyers generally concentrate in a few areas of the law, so work in most areas is handled chiefly by specialists and quasispecialists. But in a few common and nontechnical areas, such as estates, many lawyers who are not specialists take occasional cases.
Some areas of law handled in civil courts resemble criminal law in the sense that a particular lawyer always represents only one of the two types of parties that contend in court.
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In a few common and nontechnical areas many lawyers who are not specialists take …

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John Cartwright: John Cartwright.
Victor Klimenko: Hello, John. This is Victor Klimenko, from Kiev.
John Cartwright: Hello, Victor. Any problems?
Victor Klimenko: Yes. 1_______?
John Cartwright: Yes, we did.
Victor Klimenko: I’d like to know your reaction to it.
John Cartwright: 2_______, Victor. You’re perfectly correct as to the 3_______. Items 2.5 and 2.6 lacked in the consignment of equipment we sent you. It was overlooked by our controller. We apologize for the oversight. It won’t happen again.
Victor Klimenko: When will you send us these parts?
John Cartwright: This week. By air. We’ll also send you some documents to facilitate customs clearance at your end.
Victor Klimenko: Fine. But what about the packaging? The cover of one of the containers was badly damaged. The equipment in this container was damaged a little too.
John Cartwright: It wasn’t our fault, Victor. The equipment was packed in the required way. You should take this up with the captain of the ship.
Victor Klimenko: We’ve already done it, John. He believes that your packing is to blame.
John Cartwright: I must disagree totally with him. Perhaps you should have been firmer in dealing with him.
Victor Klimenko: Let’s come back to this matter in a couple of days, John. I’ll try to discuss it with the shipowners. But there is one more problem: 4_______. We suffered some losses through this delay. I’d like to remind you that according to the sanctions clause of our contract we have the right to claim compensation.
John Cartwright: I’m afraid you haven’t that right, Victor. This delay was caused by a strike in the Brighton port. We consider this strike to be a force majeure circumstance that had a direct effect on the execution of our liabilities. We did our best to meet the deadline.
Victor Klimenko: I don’t agree, John. English ports are often hit by strikes. You were able to foresee this complication. Moreover, to meet the deadline you could have delivered the equipment to other port.
John Cartwright: We couldn’t have done it owing to circumstances outside our control.
Victor Klimenko: If we don’t reach mutual understanding, our company will have to go through arbitration procedures.
John Cartwright: There’s no need to get aggressive, Victor. There will be a meeting of our top executives at 11 o’clock where your claim will be on the agenda. I’ll try to settle it and ring you back after the meeting.
Victor Klimenko: All right. I’m waiting for your call, John.
John Cartwright: Bye, Victor.