Вопрос № 844710 - Английский язык

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BIOSPHERE

1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.

3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.

4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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‘Biosphere’ is defined by geochemists as the amount of all living organisms.

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BIOSPHERE

1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.

3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.

4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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What do all the scientists connect ‘biosphere’ with?

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ECOLOGY

1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.

2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.

3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.

4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
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Ecology studies could address endangered species.

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BIOSPHERE

1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.

3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.

4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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Some scientists use narrow meanings of ‘biosphere’.

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ECOLOGY

1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.

2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.

3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.

4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация

Living organisms can be studied at different levels.

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BIOSPHERE

1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.

2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.

3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.

4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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Artificial biospheres are also considered by scientists.