Вопрос № 605453 - Английский язык

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Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
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Most managers perform _________________.

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Mr. Sikorski: You are one of the leading 1_______ on management. 2_______?
Mr. Sage: Basically it’s a functional form of organization with departments for Marketing, Production, Finance and so on.
Mr. Sikorski: If I’m not mistaken, this form is more common for small firms, isn’t it?
Mr. Sage: Yes, it is. As the firms become larger and more complex departmentalization by product, territory or customer may be more effective.
Mr. Sikorski: I see. Organization structure also includes an idea of relationship between the positions and people who hold the positions. What can you say here?
Mr. Sage: 3_______.
Mr. Sikorski: Yes, but as far as I know, the line organization works only for small companies. Large companies need people who are not a part of the chain of command.
Mr. Sage: That’s right. Large companies need people like lawyers, financial and other experts whose jobs are known as staff positions. Large companies use a line and staff organization structure.
Mr. Sikorski: And what span of management is best?
Mr. Sage: You’ve raised the most difficult question I must say. There is no one answer to it. In general, a broad span of management reduces a total number of managers but a narrow span makes possible close supervision.
Mr. Sikorski: What’s the most typical management hierarchy in the US companies?
Mr. Sage: Typically, there are three levels within management. They are supervisory managers, middle managers, and top managers.
Mr. Sikorski: What’s your idea of a 4_______ business?
Mr. Sage: I, personally, believe that business is well managed if everyone has a clear idea of what his or her job is.
Mr. Sikorski: I can’t agree more with you.

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The basic mechanism of interaction between people in a company exists in three forms: to order someone to do something – “authoritarizm”, to ask someone to do something on certain conditions or without them – “compromise”, to wait until your partner takes the initiative and performs corresponding actions – “consensus”.
Consensus is a Japanese style of decision-making, i.e. keep discussing until the decision appears and becomes obvious, or until participant takes the responsibility for some decision. Thus, the decision is accepted only in case it is clear for all the participants or at least for several ones. This system of decision-making is the most effective one from the point of view of the minimization of risk. It is characterized by a strong discipline of its participants, and consequently high product quality. However this system is rather slow, having a high risk of refusal and breakdown in strong dynamic processes. As a rule, such management systems are used on the top management level. One of the important criteria of its use is almost equal social position of the participants. However, the last thesis is not obligatory, but the involving of less socially provided members requires professional growth prospects.
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Such management systems as consensus are used ______________________.

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“You give me – I give you”, i.e. a decision is accepted at the level of some compromises. The decision can be right or wrong, and the one is responsible for it will either be rewarded or not. This system of decision-making is very dynamic and guarantees a social growth to its participants. This system presents the basis of any young business.
However, this principle cannot always give the best results due to the subjectivity of both problem statement and the evaluation of product quality (are the best results so necessary, if the time of the product use is limited?). This is a typical principle according to which the American society works, where everything has its on cost, where professional rises and falls depend on correct and timely accepted decisions, and the latter is very well paid. This method is strongly subjective, being dependent on certain people and used as a rule for building average management levels.
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Such system of decision-making as compromise is very dynamic and guarantees a social growth ______________________.

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Authoritarian is the style of management accepted in the military forces. The responsibility for accepted decisions lays at the top level of hierarchy, while the bottom levels of hierarchy implicitly carry out the orders of the higher ones.
This style of management is highly operative not only in terms of time, but also in terms of the scale of ranks (otherwise it wouldn’t be used in the army), it is also completely subjective and conservative. The efficiency of this principle depends on entirely on the accurate and detailed statement of the problem on higher levels. The given system requires strong rules and algorithms for performance of various actions; otherwise the system stays idle or carries out false commands. Along with that system is conservative and has a slight feedback, as the principles of management in military forces have hardly changed for many years.
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The principles of management in military forces have hardly changed ____________________.

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It will be wrong to say, that any of three systems (authoritarizm, compromise, consensus) is ideal from the point of view of management and decision-making. Each of them is good enough only in case it is properly used in specific time and conditions. That means that the style of management may change if the external changes occur. For example, in crisis period the transition from the compromise to the authoritative system for the bottom management staff can significantly increase labour productivity (this method was used by lots of enterprises during the second war).
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Each of these systems is good enough only in case it is properly used ______________.