Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Unlike other diseases there is ...: ответ на тест 1046542 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Unlike other diseases, there is no objective way to make a 1_______ of mental illness, and very often a diagnosis is based on observations of behaviour and scores in psychological tests. The dividing lines between madness, 2_______, and normality are in fact rarely clear, though strange behaviour and impulses are usually associated with mental illness if suffering is involved.
‘Mental illness’ is a broad label for 3_______ that include
– 4_______ instability
– behavioural disorders
– cognitive dysfunction

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                                       The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
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What psychological technique can be used by teachers in classroom environments for students’ behaviour correction?

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What treatments are now viewed as barbaric and cruel?
Medicine is rarely successful at curing illness completely, but it can treat it with varying degrees of success. Options include: medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. Certain treatments, such as electroshock and lobotomy, are controversial, and treatments used in the past, such as cold water, restraint, and isolation, are now viewed as barbaric and cruel.

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What is blood affected by?
A blood test is an extremely useful source of information about the health of a body. Because blood is affected by many medical conditions, the shape, size, behaviour, and numbers of blood cells reveal a lot, so blood tests are used to form diagnoses, and to monitor illness and the effectiveness of treatment. A blood test is fast, safe, and fairly reliable. Some tests can be done with only a drop of blood, whereas others may need a lot more. Blood tests give information about such thing as blood chemistry, kidney and liver function, hormone, cholesterol and glucose levels, and numbers of antibodies.

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Nurses work with the mentally ill in making assessments and diagnoses, planning care, and helping patients regain or improve the skills they need to cope. Important in their work is the therapeutic relationship. This is the relationship between the patient and therapist, which is based on non-judgemental empathy, and which provides the security to be able to speak with honesty. Therapeutic relationships develop under the most difficult conditions, not just because the patient is often being given treatment against his will.

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Surgery has always been risky and even with modern anaesthetics, blood transfusions, and antiseptics, patients will still die from the trauma of pain, loss of blood, and infections. Apart from such complications, there are other dangers such as bad reactions to anaesthetics, problems with wound healing, deep vein thrombosis, dehiscence (the splitting open of a surgical wound), and, depending on the state of health of the patient, risks of lung and heart problems.