Вопрос № 1072357 - Английский язык

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Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But, exactly, what does it mean? The concepts and activities of 1_______ have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a 2_______.
Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is 3_______ a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an 4_______ surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

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Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth.
1_______. However, this has not always been true. 2_______. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods. Somebody could exchange a sheep, for example, for anything in the market place that they considered to be equal value. Barter however was a very unsatisfactory system because people’s precise needs seldom coincided. 3_______. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, features, skulls, salt, elephant tusks and tobacco have all been used. 4_______.

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Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messenger to president of the corporation. The way lies through middle management positions. 1_______. At the very top are senior executives, who establish the policies for their companies, especially those that involve finances. 2_______.
It is still possible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top. Because the financial operation of business is so important, some accountants become top executives. 3_______. Nowadays, however, education plays a central role in the selection of men and women for management jobs. Many US universities have courses in business administration. 4_______. From there, they can easily get promoted if they show the necessary personality and ability.

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American specialists who work as economists have usually a graduate degree in economics either a master’s degree or а Ph.D. About half of them are academic economists, who are engaged in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities. 1_______.
The other half of this profession works for business or government. 2_______. Some business economists work for private organisations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc. which are important to particular branches oЈ industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks. 3_______. Economists forecast tax revenues and interest rates, analyse who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
4_______.

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There are numerous reasons people think about owning a business of their own. 1_______.
Unfortunately, the record shows that two out of three new businesses fail within their first four years. 2_______. On the bright side, the innovativeness of entrepreneurs in small businesses enables a small business to react quickly and successfully to changing times.
3_______. Those innovations are the source of new jobs and new opportunities for entrepreneurs. 4_______.

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A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. 1_______. There are other advantages. Sole proprietors own all the profits of their enterprises, they have minimal legal restrictions and don’t pay the special taxes placed on corporations. 2_______. But there are also some disadvantages. 3_______. All debts and all problems associated with the business belong to the owner. If a business fails, the owner must personally assume the debts. This could mean the loss of personal property such as cars, homes and savings. 4_______. Also, when the owner dies, the business dies.