Вопрос № 1088118 - Английский язык

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Twilight
1. Twilight is the illumination that is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere, illuminating the lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon, so that the surface of the Earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark.
2. The further the Sun is below the horizon, the dimmer the twilight (other things such as atmospheric conditions being equal). When the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon, twilight’s brightness is nearly zero. Evening twilight ends and night begins. When the Sun again reaches 18 degrees below the horizon, night ends and morning twilight begins.
3. Twilight is defined according to the solar elevation angle, which is the position of the geometric center of the sun relative to the horizon. There are three established and widely accepted subcategories of twilight: civil twilight (brightest), nautical twilight («first light»), and astronomical twilight (darkest).
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What twilight is the dimmest?

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Twilight
1. Twilight is the illumination that is produced by sunlight scattering in the upper atmosphere, illuminating the lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon, so that the surface of the Earth is neither completely lit nor completely dark.
2. The further the Sun is below the horizon, the dimmer the twilight (other things such as atmospheric conditions being equal). When the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon, twilight’s brightness is nearly zero. Evening twilight ends and night begins. When the Sun again reaches 18 degrees below the horizon, night ends and morning twilight begins.
3. Twilight is defined according to the solar elevation angle, which is the position of the geometric center of the sun relative to the horizon. There are three established and widely accepted subcategories of twilight: civil twilight (brightest), nautical twilight («first light»), and astronomical twilight (darkest).
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Market Economies
1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.
2. Thus, in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.
3. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.
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Neoclassical Economics
1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.
2. Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.
3. In England there was established the Cambridge school – a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.
4. What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.
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Disabled staff
1. If you mention diversity, most people will think you mean avoiding racial or sexual discrimination. However, there are other types of discrimination too. True diversity means making sure that no group of people is prevented from being a member of your staff because of prejudice. Disabled workers are one such group. When we think of a disabled person, we often think of someone with mobility problems who needs to use a wheelchair, but there are other types of disability too, like sight or hearing problems.
2. Disabled staff have skills and experience which can benefit your business.
If you are willing to consider employing a disabled person, this will increase the range of candidates for recruiting staff. On the other hand, if disabled people feel they cannot apply, you may discourage the right person for the job. Not only that, but reports suggest that disabled staff are often very good at creative thinking. This is not surprising, as most of them have to come up with creative solutions to help them in their day-to-day lives. If you are a wheelchair-user who has to travel on the railway, for example, you are likely to be an excellent problem-solver.
3. The changes needed in the workplace for disabled people are often quite small. You may need to make minor changes to the building and possibly some other changes, depending on the type of disability. For example, if you employ someone with sight problems, company documents may be needed in a different format, like a recording or in large print. Finally, it is worth remembering that if you have a diverse workforce, you will probably attract a more diverse range of customers. After all, most disabled people could be your customers as well.
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Credit
1. Credit has been standardized over the years and many stores belong to corporations that won’t allow people to purchase goods unless they pay on the spot with cash, check, or a major credit card. Now big banks control whether you can use credit and how much you can use. Before a bank will allow you to use credit, it must first believe that you can be trusted to repay the amount of credit you use. This is considered financial trustworthiness.
2. Lenders use a number of factors to determine your financial trustworthiness and it’s not based on how long they’ve known your family. Your credit history is one of the most commonly used factors. How you have used credit in the past – your credit history – is considered to be the best way to predict how you will use it in the future. Your credit history is reported in your credit report and measured by your credit score. Lenders also consider your income. Even with a good history of repaying what you borrow, lenders want to know that you actually have the means to pay back the credit you use.
3. For new borrowers without a credit history, lenders may place more importance on your income. They may only give you a small amount of credit to start out with and increase your credit as you demonstrate you can handle it. If you’re a new borrower or you’ve had credit problems in the past, the lender might require someone who has a favorable credit history to co-sign with you. The co-signer essentially agrees to repay credit charges when the other person fails to do so. Both borrowers share credit.
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