Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения. Common law results from ...: ответ на тест 1105012 - Английский язык

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Common law results from custom or legal precedents and is interpreted in courts by judges. A statute is a formal written act of a legislative authority that governs a state, city, or county. Conventions are rules and practices which are regarded as necessary to the working of government, often derived from the historical events. A convention can be changed by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement.
Since Britain joined the European Community in 1973, the European Court of Human Justice have increasingly determined British law in those areas which are covered by the various treaties to which Britain is a party.

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Parliament is the most important authority in Britain. Parliament first met in the 13th century. Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws. In 1689 Mary II and William III became the first constitutional monarchs. They could rule only with the support of the Parliament. Parliament is made up of two parts: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

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Voting is voluntary and by secret ballot. Any person aged 21 or over who is a British citizen or citizen of another Commonwealth country or the Irish Republic may stand for election to Parliament, provided they are not disqualified (bankrupt, sentenced to more than one year’s imprisonment, members of the clergy, members of the House of Lords, and a range of public servants and officials). Approved candidates are usually selected by their political party organizations in the constituency which they represent, although candidates do not have party backing.

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Legislative power in Russia is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The bicameral Federal Assembly, made up of the State Duma and the Federation Council, adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President. The Upper Chamber is the Federation Council; the Lower Chamber is the State Duma. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers, but to become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

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In Los Angeles municipal courts, I did see judges and prosecutors carefully explaining to all defendants the charges against them, and informing them clearly of their rights. It was in keeping with the whole atmosphere of that city’s municipal courts. Throughout the country there are good law courts, conscientiously run and decently conducted, and Los Angeles is an outstanding example. Here the courtrooms are clean and well kept.
There is little complaint that the judges do not spend enough time in court.

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The magistrates’ court is the most common type of law court in the United Kingdom. The court system is dependent upon the legal profession to make it work. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. 1_______. Each branch has its own characteristic functions and a separate governing body.
The traditional picture of the English lawyer is that the solicitor is the general practitioner, confined mainly to the office. The solicitor is the legal adviser of the public. 2_______. The barrister is the specialist adviser much of whose time is taken up with court-room appearance. 3_______. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings.
4_______.