Вопрос № 223096 - Английский язык

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Due to electronics the first man-made 1_____________ was launched into space, and now man has already set his foot on the Moon, sends probes to distant planets. Radioelectronic 2______________ ensure reliable communication with space probes at distances of millions of kilometers, relay 3_______________ of distant planets. The greatest application of 4______________ is in the field of communications.

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Electronic computers 1______________ the trajectories of spaceships, help prepare, launch and monitor the rockets that carry the most complicated and sophisticated equipment. Radio-electronic 2_____________ ensure reliable communication with space probes at distances amounting to scores of 3______________ of kilometres, relay telephotos of distant planets. Hundreds of 4______________ devices perform various tasks on board every satellite and spaceship. It may be said that in the near future electronics will surely make great strides and help the humanity gain new victories in science and engineering.

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The range of radio 1______________ in space is extending more and more. There is every reason to believe that radio links may be set over 2________________ of 100 million kilometers or even more.
Now we cannot imagine our life without electronics.
But it all began with the 3_______________ of radio. It was our Russian scientist A.S. Popov who discovered the principles of wireless communication that finally led to the development of 4________________ tubes for use in various communication devices.

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1______________ is the technology of constructing electronic circuits and devices in extremely small packages by various techniques. This 2_______________ is also referred to as microminiaturization.
The increasing complexity of electronic systems over the past 30 years has made the evolution of microelectronics inevitable. During this 3_______________, the electron tubes in the early electronic systems have been replaced by solid-state discrete devices and integrated circuitry; and these, in turn, 4_____________ way to medium- and large-scale integrated circuitry.

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Microelectronics today encompasses thin-film, 1________________, hybrid, and integrated circuit technology. These approaches (and combinations of them) are being applied in 2____________ branch of electronics.
Integrated circuits that combine all the 3__________________ of a complete electronic circuit on a single chip of silicon can be produced. The implications of this in the microelectronic evolution are easily 4_______________. Let us compare a conventional J/K flip-flop circuit incorporating solid-state discrete devices and the same type of circuit employing integrated circuitry.

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The conventional circuit would require approximately 40 separate discrete 1___________, 200 connections, 40 hermetic seals, and 300 separate processing operations with each operation, seal, and connection representing a possible source of failure. However, if all the elements of this circuit are integrated upon one chip of silicon, the 2_____________ of connection drops to about 14. All circuit elements are interconnected inside the package by a process 3_______________ as vapour metallization; instead of 40 hermetic seals there is one, and the three 4_______________ processing operations are reduced to approximately 30.