Вопрос № 347354 - Английский язык

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The first semiconductor 1______________ was invented in 1948. It meant another important advance in the development of 2_____________. Semiconductors possess a number of valuable 3______________ over electron vacuum tubes, - miniature dimensions and high 4______________. Thus electronics became the study of electron motion in solids. The realm of electronics widened still more. This opened up other fields of application for electronics.

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Intensive 1______________ of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum tube was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of electronics was usually 2_______________ as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled quantities of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it perform switching, 3______________ and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became converted to "electron tubes" and the science of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in  4______________.

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Laser is an extremely simple-looking 1 _______________. It is nothing more than a cylinder of synthetic ruby about 1/4 2 _____________ in diameter and 1 1/2 inches long mounted in the centre of a spiral coil of glass. The coil is a xenon-filled flash 3_____________ very much like the ones 4_______________ by hotographers for taking flash pictures.

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The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their 2______________ orbits, each one emitting a pulse of light of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And every pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other3______________  . In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

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Thermionic emission is the most important and one most commonly used in electron 1_______________. In this method 2________________ is heated, resulting in increased thermal or kinetic energy of the unbound electrons. Thus, a greater number of electrons will attain sufficient speed and energy 3________________  from the surface of the emitter. The number of electrons released per unit area of an emitting surface is related to the absolute temperature
of the cathode and a quantity of the work must perform when escaping from the emitting surface.

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When high-speed 1__________________ suddenly strike a metallic 2_______________ they give up their kinetic 3_________________ to the electrons and atoms which they strike. Some of the bombarding electrons collide directly with free electrons on the metal surface and may knock them out from the surface. The electrons 4_________________ in this way are known as secondary emission electrons, since the primary electrons from some other source must be available to bombard the secondary electron-emitting surface.