Вопрос № 933221 - Английский язык

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The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibres with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.

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Composite Materials
1. Among the oldest and newest of structural materials are composite materials. It was discovered many years ago that two or more materials could be used together as one. Later it was proved that such a combination often behaved better than each material alone. Following this principle, clay and straw were combined to make bricks. For centuries composite materials remained virtually untapped. Only then monolithic materials, such as iron, copper were served for needs of an advancing technology. Recently it was a development of technology with coming of reinforced concrete, linoleum, plasterboard and plywood panels.
2. During the 1930s and 1940s light-weight honeycomb structures, machine parts made from compressed metal powders and plastic reinforced with glass fibers became commercial realities. These developments marked the beginning of the modern era of composite engineering materials. It was mentioned growing and using composite materials. Nevertheless, the emergence of a strict discipline and technology of composite materials is barely 20 years old.
3. There are two major reasons for the current interest in composite materials. The first is the demand for materials that will outperform the traditional monolithic materials. The second and more important in the long run, is that composites offer engineers the opportunity to design totally new materials, with the precise combination of properties needed for a specific task. Although new composites are usually more costly than conventional materials, they can be used more sparingly, because of their superior qualities.
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Engineers insist on using composite materials despite their high cost because …

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Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their ability to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials can absorb energy by deformation but brittle materials cannot.

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.

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The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. 1_______. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. 2_______. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. 3_______. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. 4_______.

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A rectifier is a device which allows an electric power to pass in one direction but not in the opposite direction. 1________. Four of the most common are described below:
Selenium rectifiers are made of an aluminium plate with a selenium coating. 2_______. Instrument rectifiers are normally of the cooper oxide type, which consists of a copper disc with a cuprous oxide coating. 3_______. They are suitable for all power rectification, but are particularly useful for the low to medium power range. Thermionic diodes are found in radio circuits. 4_______.