Вопрос № 857119 - Английский язык

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After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony.
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Originally there were five awards: _______.

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Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist who lived from 1833 to 1896. Alfred and his brother made explosives, but in 1864 there was an accident in the laboratory and Alfred’s brother was killed. Alfred then decided to spend his life truing to make explosives safer to use.
One of the strongest explosives at that time was nitroglycerine. This explosive, which looks like oily water, is very dangerous to use or even to carry. Nobel wanted to study nitroglycerine so he could find a way to make it safer. Nobel had an idea of taking nitroglycerine out on a boat in the middle of a lake and working with it there.
When Nobel wanted to take the nitroglycerine he was working with from one place to another, he put it into small boxes. Then he put the small boxes into a larger box made of clay. One day, when he opened the large clay box, he found that nitroglycerine was coming out of one of the small boxes. To his surprise, the large clay box was still dry. This gave him the idea of mixing clay with nitroglycerine. The clay would take the oil out of nitroglycerine and make it safer. He called this explosive ‘dynamite’.
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Why did Alfred decide to spend his life trying to make explosives safer to use?

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Glass has been made into practical or decorative objects since ancient times. Glass blowing was probably developed in the first century BC in Syria. With this technique the possibilities for shaping glass into different forms became endless.
The Roman Empire used glass more than any other ancient civilisation. Romans adopted the technique from the Syrians and glass soon became fashionable. There were people, however, who regarded it as inferior to materials such as gold and silver. Gallenius, a Roman emperor, used to drink from a glass vessel because he believed that there was nothing less common than glass.
The Venetians developed the art of glassmaking in the middle Ages. There was so much demand for Venetian glass in Europe that glassworkers of the island of Murano were forbidden to visit Venice or teach their secrets to outsiders.
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Romans adopted the technique from …

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Can you imagine what the world would be like if there were no electricity? In fact, most of what we take for granted would not exist. There would be no computers, TV, cinemas or stereos for our entertainment, and we would not be able to cook and eat in the same way without cookers and fridges. If Thomas Edison had not invented the electric light bulb, we would now still be using candles to see at night. The problem with this energy source is that it uses fossil fuels – we burn coal and oil to generate electricity. Our everyday lives use a huge amount of power, and industry even more. The damage to the environment will increase if we continue to burn coal for energy, which can cause serious air pollution and increase the size of the hole in the ozone layer. Because of this danger, people are now using other sources of fuel, such as solar, wind, and water power.
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Our everyday lives use a huge amount of …

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Lead is now a very expensive metal. At one time it was used extensively for roofing and for water piping because of its softness and resistance to corrosion. But later copper and iron have taken its place. Lead is a gray malleable metal which melts at 327 ̊C, which is low for a metal. Lead is still used for roofing and for making waste pipes and sink traps because it is easily bent into shape; storage battery (accumulator) plates; storage tanks for sulphuric acid; lead shot; solder; screens to stop harmful radiation from radioactive substances. Lead monoxide is used for making glass that is brilliant and sparkling, i.e. decorative tableware.
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Lead melts at 327 °C, which is …

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The television receiver includes tube circuits for receiving, amplifying, and synchronizing the signals, and a large cathod tube called a kinescope. This part of the device converts the video impulses from the transmitting station into luminous spots on a fluorescent screen. In the kinescope the amplified video signals are applied to the grid, and through it control the intensity of the electron beam.