Вопрос № 800541 - Английский язык

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There is no place in London, or, for the matter, in all of Britain with a worse reputation for savagery than the 1_______ of London. In its 900 years of history, it has been awash in the blood of kings and queens, criminals and innocents, alike. 2_______ shortly after the Norman Conquest the fortress consisted, in those days, of the central White Tower and surrounding 3_______, which incorporated part of the city wall originally built by the Romans.
The Tower, as we see today, didn’t take 4_______ shape until the reign of Edward I, who added more walls and towers to the original construction.

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Constructed between 1886-1894, Tower Bridge is one of London’s most recognized sights. It is the first of London’s Thames 1_______ and the only one which can allow the passage of shipping underneath. The bridge was 2_______ to be a two-level span: the lower level, a draw bridge which elevates to permit tall river traffic, and the upper level, twin walkways for pedestrians. The observation 3_______ in the north tower permits superb views of the City of London and the surrounding Docklands. The Tower Bridge Museum in the south tower contains the original steam-driven 4_______ that was used to raise the bridge.

Timber is wood, suitable for building and structural 1 ______.
There are over 4000 2 ______ in common use throughout the world. The best and most commonly used softwoods popular for structural work in many 3 ______ are redwood, whitewood, pine, red cedar, sequoia, beech and some others. As to the hardwoods, the best known ones include beech, 4 ______, blackwood, chestnut, elm, mahogany,  maple, myrtle, oak, rosewood, walnut and some others.

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The Empire State Building was built in 1931 in the United States of America. Its construction took about two years. The exterior of the sky-scraper is supported by a framework produced of steel. It should be noted that 60,000 tons of steel were used for its production. The Empire State Building is considered to be one of the tallest and spacious constructions of the world. It can be attended by 80,000 people simultaneously.
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How much time did the construction of the Empire State Building take?

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Plywood siding materials are widely used in modern construction business. They are popular because of their light weight and their relative cheapness. The cost of the material per unit area of wall is usually less than for other siding materials. Besides, the labor costs are also relatively low. The reason for it is the fact that large sheets of plywood are more quickly installed than the boards of the same area. In many cases, if it is necessary, the sheathing can be eliminated from the building if plywood is used for siding. This operation, if it is performed, leads to further cost saving.
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What is the cost of the material per unit of the wall?

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The function of a cladding is to prevent the passage of air between indoors and outdoors of a building. For this purpose it is necessary to regulate air velocities within the building. Even small air leaks are extremely harmful. Why is it so?
It is because air leaks carry water through the wall, allow vapor to condensate inside the walls, and allow noises to penetrate the walls of the building from outside.
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What is the function of a cladding?