Вопрос № 800725 - Английский язык

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An offer is a proposal by an offerer to do or not to do some specific thing in the future, provided the offeree agrees with stated conditions. If the offeree accepts the proposal, a contract arises. Generally, to be an offer, a proposal must be:
1) intended to create a legal obligation
2) definite, and
3) communicated to the offeree.
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What characteristics must a proposal have to become an offer?

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Law
1. Law in common parlance means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, as an «authority» to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".
2. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas.
3. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.
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Legal policy contains …

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Before making a contract, parties will often discuss it. The parties often bargain to reach mutually acceptable terms. Sometimes one party may state tentative terms, inviting other parties to make offers. Advertisements in newspapers and magazines, on radio or TV, or in catalogs or direct mailings are generally invitations to others to make offers. They are not offers themselves. A person who advertises something for sale cannot be expected to sell to the thousands who theoretically might reply to the advertisement. Perhaps the seller has only a limited number of items. However, most business firms attempt to deliver merchandise as advertised to all who want to buy.
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Are advertisements in newspapers and TV always offers?

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There are some important exceptions to the requirement of definiteness. For example, medical, dental, and legal fees are often set after the work is completed. Many workers are employed on a payday basis; the actual length of employment remains uncertain. In contracts between merchants, when either the price or the credit and delivery terms are not specified, current market prices and trade customs may be used to provide such details.
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When are medical, dental, and legal fees often set?

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In business, producers sometimes agree to sell their entire output to a single buyer during a specified period. Sometimes buyers agree to purchase all of certain materials they may need during a given period from a single supplier. In both cases, the actual amounts remain uncertain until the contracts are performed. The parties must act in good faith as to quantities delivered or demanded.
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When do buyers agree to purchase certain materials they need from a single supplier?

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A person cannot accept an offer without knowing about it. That is because any action taken would not have been a response to the offer. Thus, an offer of a reward that is made to certain persons or even to the general public cannot be accepted by someone who has never seen or heard of the offer. In such cases, the offerer may get what was sought, but most courts require that anyone who claims the prize must have known of the offer and acted in response to it when performing the requested act.
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What are the requirements of an offer?