Вопрос № 1072383 - Английский язык

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The state
1. The state has an important part to play in making and enforcing law. But what is a state? It is a political unit with a territory that the international community treats as independent, for example the United Kingdom, Barbados or Japan. Law settles how the state is to be governed (its constitution), what duties it owes its citizens, and what duties they owe to one another and to it. The law of the state consists of a system of government, together with a framework for making the life of citizens more secure and for enabling them to flourish.
2. Since each state has its own system of law, there are many legal systems: the law of the United Kingdom, Barbados, Japan, etc. The laws of states differ a bit but also have much in common. Legal systems are called systems because in each state or part of a state with its own laws there are official bodies concerned with the whole of its law. These bodies – the branches of the state – are the legislature, which makes laws, the executive government, which puts laws into effect, and the judges, who decide disputes about the law. These branches of government try to see that the laws do not conflict with one another. In other words, they treat the laws as pans of a system that hangs together.
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The state
1. The state has an important part to play in making and enforcing law. But what is a state? It is a political unit with a territory that the international community treats as independent, for example the United Kingdom, Barbados or Japan. Law settles how the state is to be governed (its constitution), what duties it owes its citizens, and what duties they owe to one another and to it. The law of the state consists of a system of government, together with a framework for making the life of citizens more secure and for enabling them to flourish.
2. Since each state has its own system of law, there are many legal systems: the law of the United Kingdom, Barbados, Japan, etc. The laws of states differ a bit but also have much in common. Legal systems are called systems because in each state or part of a state with its own laws there are official bodies concerned with the whole of its law. These bodies – the branches of the state – are the legislature, which makes laws, the executive government, which puts laws into effect, and the judges, who decide disputes about the law. These branches of government try to see that the laws do not conflict with one another. In other words, they treat the laws as pans of a system that hangs together.
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Laws gradually change over time to reflect the continual changes in society. During the 1600s people from many regions, such as Spain, France, Sweden, Norway and West Africa, settled in North America. Most colonists, however, came from England. They brought with them ideas about government that had been developing in England for centuries.
At the heart of the English system there were two principles of government: limited government and representative government. The idea first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch was not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law.
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The legacy of self-government, inherited from the English colonists, enables Americans today to voice their opinions without fear of reprisal, to choose their leaders, and to take an active part in shaping the communities in which they live. Modern Americans believe that there are natural rights – life, liberty, and property – that governments are contracted to protect. The Bill of Rights includes the following fundamental rights of any American: the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right to petition the government to correct wrongs, and the right of trial by jury.
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The UK has no single constitutional document like most other nations. The constitution of the United Kingdom which has evolved over many centuries is the set of laws and principles under which the United Kingdom is governed. That is why it is often said that the set of laws and principles the country has is an “unwritten” constitution.
Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including the Magna Carta (1215) which protects the rights of the community against the Crown; the Bill of Rights (1689) which extended the powers of Parliament, making it impossible for the Sovereign to ignore the wishes of the Government; and the Reform Act (1832), which reformed the system of parliamentary representation.
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Under the Constitution of Russia judges shall be citizens of the Russian Federation over 25 years of age with 1_______ education in law, having five-year experience in law. Their duty consists: in examining all the 2_______ evidence, interrogating the defendants, interviewing victims and 3_______, hearing the experts’ findings, examining the physical evidence and passing sentence which must be 4_______, grounded and just.