Вопрос № 911710 - Английский язык

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Economic growth
1. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. Growth is usually calculated in real terms, i.e. inflation-adjusted terms, in order to obviate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of the goods produced. In economics, «economic growth» or «economic growth theory» typically refers to growth of potential output, i.e., production at «full employment».
2. As an area of study, economic growth is generally distinguished from development economics. The former is primarily the study of how countries can advance their economies. The latter is the study of the economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure.
3. Economic growth is measured as a percentage change in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP). These two measures, which are calculated slightly differently, total the amounts paid for the goods and services that a country produced. As an example of measuring economic growth, a country which creates $9,000,000,000 in goods and services in 2010 and then creates $9,090,000,000 in 2011, has a nominal economic growth rate of 1% for 2011.
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What does economic growth show?

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The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. Next, a company considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry.
The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer –> wholesaler –> retailer –> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller and is known as promotion. There are two major ways of promotion: 1) through personnel selling, as in a department store; 2) and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine, etc.

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How the material to be shaped is called?
Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.

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We know that an atom is made from protons and neutrons in a nucleus, and electrons spinning around this nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge and the electrons have a negative electric charge. The neutrons have no electric charge. As the electrons spin around the nucleus, they produce small currents. These currents create a magnetic field around the electrons and the atom. This magnetic field makes the atom behave like a small magnet.

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Iron does not always behave like a magnet and this is because its atoms are usually disorganized. A needle, for example, that contains iron is not a magnet but when you rub the needle with a magnet, its atoms line up and the needle becomes a magnet. The needle can then attract other metals. This property of some substances to attract metals is called magnetism.

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The Quantum Concept is a concept of accumulation. According to Quantum Physics, the physical world around us is composed of individual “packets of energy”, that is, packets that contain energy just as packets of sugar contain sugar. This individual packet of energy forms particles, and particles form atoms. When energy cools off, it accumulates and forms matter.
Our planet, for example, is a living system that results from the accumulation of matter. We can also see the Quantum characteristic of nature in many other aspects of life: a society, for example, which is made up of a group of individuals, or knowledge, which is the result of the accumulation of experience.