Вопрос № 1072382 - Английский язык

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Every country tries to provide laws which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. But no country has been successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation. Thus, law is a system of rules established by the state.
The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. Law today is a complex of different and relatively independent national systems.
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                       What is law?
1. The English word "law" means various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the law of gravity; another is laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive − they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive.
2. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social and cultural groups. And some are laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens.
3. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, etc. Sometimes, we can break these rules without any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, other members of society may criticize us, or refuse to have anything to do with us. The rules of social instructions are more formal than customs, carrying penalties for those who break them. Sports clubs, for example, often have detailed rules for their members. But if a member breaks a rule and refuses to accept any punishment, the club may ask him or her to leave the club.
4. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts and the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone - such as when young children commit crimes, or when certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
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Every country tries to provide laws which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. But no country has been successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory.
The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation. Thus, law is a system of rules established by the state.
The laws made by the government of one country are often very different from the laws of another country. Law today is a complex of different and relatively independent national systems.
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Laws gradually change over time to reflect the continual changes in society. During the 1600s people from many regions, such as Spain, France, Sweden, Norway and West Africa, settled in North America. Most colonists, however, came from England. They brought with them ideas about government that had been developing in England for centuries.
At the heart of the English system there were two principles of government: limited government and representative government. The idea first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch was not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law.
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The legacy of self-government, inherited from the English colonists, enables Americans today to voice their opinions without fear of reprisal, to choose their leaders, and to take an active part in shaping the communities in which they live. Modern Americans believe that there are natural rights – life, liberty, and property – that governments are contracted to protect. The Bill of Rights includes the following fundamental rights of any American: the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right to petition the government to correct wrongs, and the right of trial by jury.
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The UK has no single constitutional document like most other nations. The constitution of the United Kingdom which has evolved over many centuries is the set of laws and principles under which the United Kingdom is governed. That is why it is often said that the set of laws and principles the country has is an “unwritten” constitution.
Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including the Magna Carta (1215) which protects the rights of the community against the Crown; the Bill of Rights (1689) which extended the powers of Parliament, making it impossible for the Sovereign to ignore the wishes of the Government; and the Reform Act (1832), which reformed the system of parliamentary representation.
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