Вопрос № 1072301 - Английский язык

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Ceilings are considered to be extremely important parts of any room. A well-designed ceiling is one of the most pleasing features of a room. In modern constructions the variants of ceilings are limitless.
Ceilings can be produced of many various materials both natural and artificial. Their colours, texture, pattern, and shape are of great importance for visual impression of the room. Ceilings of any materials may be attached to wood joints. Usually they are attached very carefully and tightly. They may be attached to wood joints, wood rafters, or steel joints.

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Suspended plaster ceilings have been in use already for several decades. 1_______. Suspended ceiling is a finish ceiling. 2_______. Among them the most widely used are gypsum, board, plaster, and various boards made of fibers. 3_______. Ceilings produced of fibrous materials are classified as acoustical ceilings. 4_______.

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Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days.
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What does the quality of concrete depend on?

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The traditional frame material for windows is wood. But in the last decades aluminum, steel, plastic and combination of these materials are also commonly used. Wood is known to be a good thermal insulator and is extremely workable. It is easily turned into sashes. But its disadvantage is that it shrinks and swells when the weather conditions change.
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What is the disadvantage of wood as a frame material?

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Many connections in wood structures depend on direct bearing of one member of the structure on another for their strength. Various simple fasteners are used for constructing purposes. Of them wood fasteners include nails, screws, bolts, anchors and some others. Nails are generally made of plain steel. It is interesting to note that steel used for nails is uncoated steel. There exist different types of nails. Among them common nails and finish nails are the two types most frequently used for fastening.
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What are nails generally made of?

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Practically every modern building is supplied with stairways of some kind. A stairway is designed to provide a means of access between different floor levels of a building. Nowadays stairways are produced of various construction materials but the most popular among them are timber and reinforced concrete. Of them timber may be used for domestic stairs of all kinds because of its economical availability. As to reinforced concrete it is popular because of its durable qualities, great resistivity to decay and great resistance to fire.
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Why are stairways produced of reinforced concrete so popular?