Вопрос № 1072640 - Английский язык

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Concrete being a universally used material, its new 1_______ are being constantly produced. Among others there exists concrete with 2_______. Its main quality is that it is made up of materials that emit gas and foam during the process of mixing the aggregates with water. It should be taken into account that concrete of this 3_______ possesses relatively light weight. It is mostly used for producing slabs, walls panels, and frame constructions. As we know, decrease in weight leads to a considerable decrease in strength. This quality is classified as a 4_______ disadvantage of cellular concrete.

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Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different kinds of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing concrete can be found in every part of the world. The main property that makes concrete so popular is that it can be formed into strong monolithic slabs. Another good quality is its relatively low cost. Besides, concrete is known to be fire- and decay-resistant.

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Cladding is a material used as the exterior wall enclosure of a building. The cladding of a building is its most visible part. Its major purpose is to separate the indoor environment of a building from the outdoors. Cladding must prevent the entry of water, snow and ice into a building. Water on the face of a building is known to be driven by wind not only in a downward direction, but in every other direction, even upward. Water problems, that is keeping water out, are especially great on very tall buildings. These buildings rise to height where wind velocities are extremely high. They are much higher than at ground level. It should be taken into account that on tall buildings water tends to penetrate the smallest crack or hole and enter the building.

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Orientation and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where environment and climatic factors have a significant effect. 1_______. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into account while designing a structure and its roof. 2_______. Solar radiation can be also unpleasant, but if it is controlled, it can bring many advantages. 3_______. Location and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site plan, worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. 4_______. All conveniences must have ventilation, a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fastenings.

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The ancient Romans discovered a mineral on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. The mineral when mixed with limestone and burned, produced cement, that hardened under water as well as in the air. 1_______. As time passed, the new material not only became the preferred type for use in all their buildings projects but changed the character of Roman construction. Masonry of stone or brick was used to construct only the surfaces of masonry piers and walls but the interiors were filled with large amounts of the new type of mortar.
We now know that mortar continued the main ingredient of modern Portland cement. 2_______. With the fall of the Roman Empire, knowledge of concrete construction was lost. 3_______. In 1824 an artificial cement, named Portland cement, was patented. 4_______.

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Windows were formerly made on the job site by highly skilled carpenters, but are now produced almost exclusively in factories. 1_______.Windows need to be made to a very high standard of precision if they are to operate easily and maintain a high degree of weather tightness over a period of many years. In cold climates especially, a loosely fitted window with single glass and a frame that is highly conductive of heat will significantly increase heating consumption for a building, cause noticeable discomfort to the people in the building, and create large quantities of condensate to stain and decay finish materials in and around the window.
2_______. Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are the frames in which the glass is mounted. 3_______. A sliding window is essentially a single-hung window. 4_______.