Вопрос № 1072296 - Английский язык

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Concrete is the most widely used construction material. The freedom of  form and the relatively low cost of the material are among  the most important reasons to select it as a construction material. The low cost argument is important only if durability of the material is guaranteed over a long time period, without need for repairs. Often only the costs needed for construction are taken into account, and future expenses for maintenance and repair are not considered. So, it seems important to explore the properties of the material under various conditions and to see whether it is possible to expend its lifetimes. “Better”, “stronger” and “more durable” are the key words of the family of materials called concrete.
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In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been built in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

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Wood has been a highly used 1_______ material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used building materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. Being the oldest building material, 2_______ is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, 3_______ weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its 4_______. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns.

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Brick, stone, and timber are known to be the oldest building 1_______. Bricks belong to artificial materials. Their 2_______ started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many 3_______. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for 4_______.

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Concrete is considered to be a universal material for construction. Different 1_______ of concrete can be used practically for every building purpose. The raw materials for producing 2_______can be found in every part of the world. There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be 3_______ by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and 4_______ as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks.

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The roof is a necessary component of practically every 1_______. It serves to protect the interior of the building from rain, snow, wind, and cold. There exist many types of 2_______, the main ones being sloping roofs and flat ones. It is a well-known fact that every roof should 3_______a covering. The type of covering of a roof mainly depends on the 4_______ of the roof and some other factors.