Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами Intensive 1______________ of rad...: ответ на тест 223106 - Английский язык

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Intensive 1______________ of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum 2_______________ was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of 3______________ was usually defined as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled 4______________ of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it perform switchings, rectifying and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became converted to "electron tubes" and the science of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in gases.

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Intensive 1______________ of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum tube was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of electronics was usually 2_______________ as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled quantities of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it perform switching, 3______________ and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became converted to "electron tubes" and the science of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in  4______________.

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1____________ is an extremely simple-looking 2_______________. It is nothing more than a cylinder of synthetic ruby about 1/4 inches in 3_____________ and 1 1/2 inches long mounted in the centre of a spiral coil of glass. The coil is a xenon-filled flash 4_______________, very much like the ones used by photographers for taking flash pictures.

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The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their normal orbits, each one emitting a pulse of 2______________ of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And 3______________ pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other pulse. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

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Thermionic emission is the most important and one most commonly used in electron 1_______________. In this 2________________ the metal is heated, resulting in increased thermal or kinetic 3________________ of the unbound electrons. Thus, a greater number of electrons will attain sufficient speed and energy to escape from the surface of the emitter. The number of electrons released per unit area of an emitting surface is related to the absolute 4_________________ of the cathode and a quantity of the work an electron must perform when escaping from the emitting surface.

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When 1__________________ electrons suddenly strike a metallic 2_______________ they give up their kinetic 3_________________ to the electrons and atoms which they strike. Some of the bombarding electrons collide directly with free 4_________________ on the metal surface and may knock them out from the surface. The electrons freed in this way are known as secondary emission electrons, since the primary electrons from some other source must be available to bombard the secondary electron-emitting surface.