Вопрос № 933259 - Английский язык

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1_______ are organizations that carry out the business of banking, taking deposits and then using those deposits to make loans. In essence, a bank 2_______ to make a profit by paying depositors a lower rate of interest than the rate the bank charges borrowers. In accounting terms, deposits are considered liabilities (because they have to be repaid), and loans are considered assets.
Banks in most countries are supervised by a 3_______ bank, such as the Bank of England in the United Kingdom, the Bundesbank in Germany, the Federal Reserve System in the United States and Central Bank in Russia.
There are many 4_______ types of bank, and the banking structure varies from one country to another.

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The banks no doubt perform very 1_______ functions. They collect small savings of depositors and make them available for investment in trade. They also create 2_______ in the form of credit, and offer financial assistance for genuine business purposes. The banking system will become dangerous to the society, only if it fails to maintain the confidence of depositors. The bank should also keep some investments liquid enough to be cashed at any time, to meet emergencies, and the central bank should always try to 3_______ the commercial banks in times of their difficulties. If these precautions are maintained, the banking 4_______ will be very useful in the economic life of a country.

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The banks in their 1_______ form gradually evolved in England, where the 2_______ men used to deposit their cash and other valuables with the goldsmith for safe custody. These goldsmiths learnt out of experience, that out of the total deposits, hardly more than ten per cent were withdrawn by the depositor on any day. Therefore, if they had kept about ten per cent reserve cash to meet the 3_______ from the depositors, they would have loaned the remaining amounts to borrowers earning interest out of these loans. This gradually became a regular practice and they started paying a small interest to depositors to 4_______ more deposits. Out of this system the modern institution of Banking developed.

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Apart from lending and borrowing, the banks also 1_______ some other functions of minor importance. For example, many 2_______ maintain safe deposit vaults. If you hired a vault on an annual 3_______ of a certain rent, you could keep your valuable articles there under lock and key. The bank also performs some 4_______ like acting as a trustee, or as a custodian of property belonging to a minor and so on. It charges a small fee for rendering these services.

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The banks no doubt perform very 1_______ functions. They collect small savings of depositors and make them available for investment in trade. They also create 2_______ in the form of credit, and offer financial assistance for genuine business purposes. The banking system will become dangerous to the society, only if it fails to maintain the confidence of depositors. The bank should also keep some investments liquid enough to be cashed at any time, to meet emergencies, and the central bank should always try to 3_______ the commercial banks in times of their difficulties. If these precautions are maintained, the banking 4_______ will be very useful in the economic life of a country.

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The 1_______ of the central bank are many and of a varied character. Firstly, in relation to the large number of commercial banks, it acts as a banker. It accepts 2_______ from, and extends loans to the banks in the country. The central bank is, therefore, rightly called bankers’ bank. Secondly, the 3_______ bank is the lender of the last resort, i.e., in any emergency, if the banks of the country are not in a position to extend credit to the genuine borrowers, the central bank must come to the assistance of the money market and save it from a crisis. Thirdly, the central bank is the 4_______ of the Government. When the Government needs loans for its current requirement for short periods, the central bank is obliged to extend credit to the Government.