Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Unlike other diseases there is ...: ответ на тест 933078 - Английский язык

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Unlike other diseases, there is no objective way to make a 1_______ of mental illness, and very often a diagnosis is based on observations of behaviour and scores in psychological tests. The dividing lines between madness, 2_______, and normality are in fact rarely clear, though strange behaviour and impulses are usually associated with mental illness if suffering is involved.
‘Mental illness’ is a broad label for 3_______ that include
– 4_______ instability
– behavioural disorders
– cognitive dysfunction

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                                       The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
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What psychological technique can be used by teachers in classroom environments for students’ behaviour correction?

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What is the age-related presbyopia treated with?
Glasses are prescribed when light rays do not focus correctly on the retina. If they focus in front of the retina, the result is short-sightedness, also called myopia. This is treated by a concave lens. If light rays focus behind the retina, the result is long-sightedness, also called presbyopia. This is treated with a convex lens. There is laser surgery available now for these problems, though it is not able to treat age-related presbyopia which most people develop in their mid 40s because by that time the lens has lost too much flexibility.

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How is the most important symptom that leads to a diagnosis called?
Symptoms are physical conditions that indicate the illness, and are usually described as either strong mild, or weak. Many illnesses have symptoms in common, such as nausea, high blood pressure, etc., whereas other symptoms are rarer and specific to a narrow range of illnesses. The most important symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom, and the symptoms that cause a patient to seek medical help are referred to as presenting symptoms.

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How much had the woman gained in weight?
A 50-year-old housewife, who had been well until four months previously, complained of tiredness and malaise. She had gained 9 kg in weight in the year before she presented to her GP although she denied eating more than usual. She was constipated and she noticed that her hair had started to fall out.

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What treatments are now viewed as barbaric and cruel?
Medicine is rarely successful at curing illness completely, but it can treat it with varying degrees of success. Options include: medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. Certain treatments, such as electroshock and lobotomy, are controversial, and treatments used in the past, such as cold water, restraint, and isolation, are now viewed as barbaric and cruel.