Вопрос № 605403 - Английский язык

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Peripheral devices are categorized as input/output (I/O) devices since the functions they perform provide information (input) to the computer, accept information (output) from the computer, or do both. 1__________________________________. Terminals and storage devices are input/output devices because they perform both input and output operations.
2_________________________________. These programs include operations, functions, and routines that make it easier for you to use the hardware to solve problems and produce results. 3___________________________________. Others perform difficult or lengthy mathematical calculations. 4_____________________________________.

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Computer systems can be discussed in two parts: hardware and software. The hardware is physical, electronic, and electro-mechanical devices. The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by an input device called a card reader. Output devices receive data from the CPU. The visual display unit (VDU) and printers are common output devices. Input devices, output devices and mass storage devices are collectively called Input-Output Devices, or peripherals. The software contains the programmes that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and direct the processing of data.
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The cards are read by an input device called …

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System software is an organized set of supplied programs that effectively transform the system hardware components into usable tools. These programs include operations, functions, and routines that make it easier for you to use the hardware to solve problems and produce results. For example, some system programs store and retrieve data among the various peripheral devices. Others perform difficult or lengthy mathematical calculations. Some programs allow you to create, edit, and process application programs of your own.
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System software is an organized set of ___________________.

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The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. These computers could perform thousands of calculations per second. About 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster. One of the best of these second-generation computers is the Soviet BESM-6 (big electronic counting machine).
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The first generation of computers came out ______________________.

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The third-generation computers began to appear in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers; they are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived. They are based on ICs greatly reduced in size due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before. As many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers.
The most recent mainframe computers based on very large scale integration are becoming available in the mid-1980’s.
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Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than _______________________.

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Sainsbury’s supermarkets share with Tesco the leading position in food and drink sales in Britain. Both have about 12% of the market, but they have very different images. Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and suggests good food and wine. Most of the supermarkets and Homebase stores, which sell Do-It-Your-self goods, are in the richest part of the country, the South-East and the Midlands. There are no Sainsbury’s stores in Scotland, Wales or large areas of the North. In the mid-1970-s Sainsbury’s started to built very big supermarkets, ‘hypermarkets’, on the edge of towns. This reflects social change, where more affluent people have cars and only want to shop once a week. Like the introduction of the first self-service store in 1950, the idea is American. The architecture of the hypermarkets is interesting. They often look like small communities of houses set around a church tower, something like an old English village. Inside is a single space which contains all the old type of shops under one roof- the butcher, baker, grocer, fishmonger – in an impersonal, modern setting. The first Sainsbury’s was a diary which opened in Drury Lane, London in 1869. The Sainsbury family still has the controlling interest in the company today.
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Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and _______.