Вопрос № 1072402 - Английский язык

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The two kinds of 1_______ are solicitors and barristers.
Solicitors make up the largest branch of the legal 2_______ in England. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal 3_______ for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for 4_______ to present in the higher court, and may represent their client in a magistrates’ court. Barristers defend or prosecute in the higher courts.

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Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor, or a judge. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client’s case. In general, it can be said that barrister spends more of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents.

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Barristers are employed by …

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The profession of a lawyer is one of the most popular professions among the young people. 1_______.
Almost all universities and academies of Russia have a faculty of Law. 2_______. To be a good specialist, a lawyer should know many laws and their proper application. So the curriculum of the law school includes many compulsory and optional subjects important for their future work. Thus, first-year students study such subjects as philosophy, psychology, history of Russia, foreign language, mathematics, computer, sociology, Latin, history of religion, economics, and others.
3_______.
Graduates of any law high school can work in different courts, in notary offices, at the Bar, in organs of militia, in organs of the prosecutor’s office, in organs of tax inspection, as well as in different banks, companies, and enterprises, and firms. 4_______.

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The number of lawyers in the United States exceeds 675,000. 1_______? We know that in 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers was 88,000 dollars. 2_______.
There are other reasons for the popularity of the legal profession and the demand for legal services. Federalism gives separate legal systems for each state plus the national government. 3_______. Is it any wonder that America needs all the lawyers it can train?
The Justice Department is responsible for faithful execution of the laws under the president’s authority. 4_______.

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Canada’s laws are interpreted and applied by the courts, which are presided over by judges whose independence is guaranteed. 1_______.
The court system of each province is generally divided into two levels. 2_______.
At the second level is the provincial Superior Court, which deals with the trial of the most serious criminal and civil cases. 3_______.
The Parliament of Canada established the Federal Court to deal with claims against the federal government.
4_______. This court hears appeals from the provincial and federal appeal courts. Its decision is always final.

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There are three separate judicial systems in the United Kingdom: that of England and Wales, that of Scotland, and that of Northern Ireland. The final court of appeal for all cases, except Scottish criminal cases, is the newly created Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. 1_______. The choice of the commission may be vetoed by the Lord Chancellor (a government minister). Members of the Supreme Court may be removed from office by Parliament, but only for misconduct. Judges may not sit or vote in either House of Parliament. 2_______.
Very serious offences are tried only by the Crown Court. The Crown Court sits in about 94 centers in England and Wales, many of them consisting of several courtrooms. The Old Bailey is the most famous Crown Court in Britain. 3_______. Appeals from the Crown Court are made to the Court of Appeal. Most minor civil cases are dealt with by 270 county courts. Magistrates courts form the lowest level of the criminal justice system. 4_______. Their main job is to deliver justice to people charged with less serious crimes.
A judge is a crucial figure in the trial system. He or she supervises the conduct of the trial and passes sentence on those who have been convicted. Judges are normally appointed from practicing barristers or solicitors and must have at least 10 years professional standing.