Прочитайте текст A local tendency to colds is caused by chronic hypertrophies and congestions of the...: ответ на тест 781742 - Английский язык

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A local tendency to colds is caused by chronic hypertrophies and congestions of the nose and throat, by subacute or chronic catarrhs of these areas. Colds may be produced by any condition of the lungs or heart that may cause congestions of these mucous membranes, and particularly by such a condition of the nose or nasopharynx mucous membranes which will cause mouth breathing more or less constantly. Such patients are more sensitive to acute infections of the throat and lungs than are those who breathe through their nose.
A general tendency to colds is produced by hypersensitivity or decreased resistance of the body to microorganisms and dust particles in the atmosphere.
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A local tendency to colds is caused by _______.

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The skin is often called “the body’s first line of defence.” It acts as armour, resisting many germs that might harm the more delicate parts of the body. Any brain in the skin, even a pin prick, provides an opening for dangerous germs. Some germs enter the body through the nose and mouth and other natural openings. These areas provide warmth and moisture, in which germs thrive. When the membrane of the nose and throat becomes irritated, we cough or sneeze, blowing out the unwanted substances.
Other body liquids also provide a defence against disease. Tears, for example, wash bacteria from the eyes. Tears also contain substances that fight bacteria. Acid in the stomach kills many germs before they can reach other parts of the body.

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Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He was a prominent French chemist, one of the founders of modern microbiology.
His research work helped much to establish the field of bacteriology. In his early years Pasteur devoted his energies to the discovery of microorganisms in wine and beer production. He introduced the idea of heat sterilization (pasteurization) for these products and milk too.
In later life he became interested in hydrophobia. Working in this field he developed the principle that viral pathogenic properties could be attenuated by passing the virus through the body of a proper animal. On the basis of these observations he developed a vaccine for hydrophobia.
Continuing his investigation L. Pasteur discovered the method to prevent some infectious diseases by introducing attenuated causative agents. This method is known as vaccination. It has helped to fight against many infectious diseases.
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In later life he became interested in _______.

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In 1871 the prominent Russian doctor V.A. Manassein published his report in which he described his numerous experiments with “penicillium glaucum”. During his observations of this particular plant V.A. Manassein discovered that many bacteria did not multiply and did not produce new ones in its presence. Due to this phenomenon V.A. Manassein began to investigate the properties of this plant. He determined that it grew well only in such an environment which was provided with oxygen, that is it was aerobic. The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and even disappeared in its presence. The great significance of penicillium glaucum as a protective agent against bacterial infection was clearly determined.
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The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and _______.

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In 1872 the Russian scientist Professor of skin diseases A.G. Polotebnov published his article on penicillium glaucum.
He observed the same phenomenon which had been described by V.A. Manassein a year before. Professor A.G. Polotebnov used penicillium glaucum in his practice treating wounds and some skin diseases. The results of the treatment with penicillium glaucum were effective:
it controlled the development of infection and decreased the spread of microbes.
These Russian scientists were the first to observe the specific properties of penicillium glaucum though they were not able to use it in its pure form in medical treatment. The discovery of penicillin was made by the great English scientist Alexander Fleming in 1929.
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Professor A.G. Polotebnov used penicillium glaucum in his practice treating wounds and _______.

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A man 34-years of age had symptoms of bronchopulmonary disease, cough and fever which were controlled by penicillin. The X-ray examination of the chest showed a cavity in the left lung. The examination of the sputum for tubercle bacilli was negative. Two months later the patient re-entered the hospital, complaining of loss of weight.
The bronchopulmonary symptoms had become worse. He also had general cutaneous hypersensitivity and, for the preceding four days, constant bad headaches and left hemiparesis. The cerebrospinal fluid was normal. Within four days meningitis developed. The patient died in coma. An isolated small abscess of the upper lobe of the left lung and an isolated abscess of the right cerebral hemisphere were found at necropsy.
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Within four days _______.