Вопрос № 224000 - Английский язык

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Countries export some products and import others because sometimes it is cheaper to buy than to produce. There is warm climate and much vegetation in Australia. This is very good for sheep-breeding, and Australia exports much high-quality wool. Taiwan has many skilled technicians and so it produces radios, television sets and other electronic products for export. Canada’s climate is good for wheat, and Argentina is a low-cost producer of meat. Canada ships its wheat to Argentina and Argentina sells its meat to Canada. Both countries profit by these import-export transactions. Very few countries do not take part in international business.

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Australia is a highly developed agricultural country.
ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
1. Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth largest country and the smallest continent. Australia is one of the world's most developed countries. It is the world's leading producer and exporter of wool, minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living.
2. Canada is the second largest country in the world. Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Today Canada is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. It is a major producer of electric power and a leading producer of wheat, oat and barley. Canada ranks among the world's top manufacturing countries
3. New Zealand is an island. The capital of it is Wellington. New Zealand has one of the highest standards of living in the world. About 70% of New Zealand people have their own houses. Almost every family has a car. New Zealand is one of the world's developed countries with such industries as manufacturing and service industries.
4. The USA is the fourth largest country in the world. It is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.

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Companies that want greater control over their product have to manufacture it at home and then export it to the foreign countries. In this case exporters must examine the market. Some firms can sell their products to an export\import merchant, who takes all the selling risks. In other cases the company may use an export\import agent who sells the products to wholesalers or retailers in the foreign country. Sometimes the exporter may set up its own sales offices and branches abroad. This is more expensive and only large firms can afford it.

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To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market.

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The government imposes special taxes or duties on imported goods. These are tariffs. Tariffs discourage imports because they make foreign goods more expensive. There are revenue tariffs that generate tax revenues and protective tariffs that protect home manufacturers. The purpose of the revenue tariffs is to raise money, and therefore these tariffs are rather low. The protective tariffs are much higher.

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Sanctions are a form of reaction to illegal actions of another party. There are sanctions against dumping, for example. Dumping means shipping large amounts of a product to another country at prices below the cost of production or below the selling price.