Вопрос № 605396 - Английский язык

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A heat engine
1. In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state. A heat «source» generates thermal energy that brings the working substance in the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the «working body» of the engine while transferring heat to the colder «sink» until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.
2. In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.
3. Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically when describing the physical device the term «engine» is used. When describing the model the term «cycle» is used.
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What constant property should the working substance possess in a heat engine?

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Heat causes liquids to expand. This effect is used in the thermostat in Fig. 21.2. An increase in air temperature causes the liquid to expand in the heat sensor. This expansion causes the valve to close and consequently the flow of hot water is reduced.
After a time, the temperature will go down and consequently the liquid will cool and contract. The spring load will now be greater than the liquid pressure and consequently the valve will open. Once again, the hot water flow is increased.
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Heat causes liquids to …

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The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
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The basic job of computers is the processing of __________________.

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Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which may be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer.
For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
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The computer’s input device reads the information ___________________.

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There are different kinds of computers. Some do only one job over and over again. These are special-purpose computers. But there are some computers that can do many different jobs. They are called general-purpose computers. These are the “big brains” that solve the most difficult problems of science. .They answer questions about rockets and planes, bridges and ships - long before these things are even built. Computers help our space program, our business and industry, medicine and education. They are powerful tools which help to change our life and the world around us.
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There are some computers that can do _____________________.

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A computer system is a collection of components that work together to process data. The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to use a computer to solve problems. A functioning computer system combines hardware elements with software elements. The hardware elements are the mechanical devices in the system, the machinery and the electronics that perform physical functions. The software elements are the programs written for the system; these programs perform logical and mathematical operations and provide a means for you to control the system. Documentation includes the manuals and listings that tell you how to use the hardware and software.
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A computer system is a collection of components that work together _______________.