Вопрос № 844687 - Английский язык

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ASSEMBLY LINE

1. An assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. It is designed by determining the sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component as well as the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Work assignments, numbers of machines, and production rates are programmed so that all operations performed along the line are compatible.

2. An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis; components are attached successively as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line performs a specific function. Each part and tool is delivered to its point of use in synchronisation with the line. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intricate system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.

3. Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines. In such continuous-process industries as petroleum refining and chemical manufacture and in many modern automobile-engine plants, assembly lines are completely mechanised and consist almost entirely of automatic, self-regulating equipment.

4. Most products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by a simple mechanism. The number of products automatically assembled is steadily increasing but at a low rate because a product must be designed for automatic assembly and must be accurately and consistently manufactured. Expensive and somewhat inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high outputs. However, the development of versatile automatic machinery and industrial robots is increasing the flexibility of fully automated assembly operations.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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An automated assembly line consists of machines, equipment, and workers.

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ASSEMBLY LINE

1. An assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. It is designed by determining the sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component as well as the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Work assignments, numbers of machines, and production rates are programmed so that all operations performed along the line are compatible.

2. An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis; components are attached successively as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line performs a specific function. Each part and tool is delivered to its point of use in synchronisation with the line. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intricate system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.

3. Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines. In such continuous-process industries as petroleum refining and chemical manufacture and in many modern automobile-engine plants, assembly lines are completely mechanised and consist almost entirely of automatic, self-regulating equipment.

4. Most products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by a simple mechanism. The number of products automatically assembled is steadily increasing but at a low rate because a product must be designed for automatic assembly and must be accurately and consistently manufactured. Expensive and somewhat inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high outputs. However, the development of versatile automatic machinery and industrial robots is increasing the flexibility of fully automated assembly operations.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Why are most products still assembled by hand?

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Humanism

1. “Man is the measure of all things,” said the Greek philosopher Protagoras in the 5th century BC. This statement serves to clarify the two primary definitions of humanism. First of all, humanism was a movement that arose during the 14th century in Italy. The time in which humanism flourished was called the Renaissance, which means “rebirth”. Humanism was, in fact, the essence of the Renaissance. It involved a revival of study of the ancient Latin and Greek authors in order to learn about them for their own sake, to see them in their proper historical context. It involved trying to see what the ancient authors had actually meant, uninfluenced by specifically Christian interpretations of them.

2. Second, humanism became a point of view that asserted human dignity and values, and as such it survives today. Humanism expressed a confidence in humanity's ability to exert control over nature or to shape society according to its needs and desires.

3. Humanism derives from the Latin word humanitas. The word obviously means “humanity,” but in relation to humanism it signifies more. For the Roman statesman Cicero, humanitas meant a certain kind of broad education needed to function adequately in society. Such an education was designed to allow people to explore the whole range of knowledge in order to develop their full potential

4. For the Italian Renaissance humanists, the humanities consisted primarily of studying the ancient, pre-Christian authors. It also meant using the knowledge they gained to promote the development of human capacities, to open new possibilities for mankind. One of the new directions was exploration of the natural world by science. Ancient scientific texts spurred the scholars of the Renaissance to rethink the world and the universe and to look in new directions with new methods. Hence there occurred the birth of modern science and mathematics in the work of such men as Galileo, Copernicus, and Leonardo.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Humanism can be explained in two ways.

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Mass communication

1. Mass communication may be defined simply as messages directed at masses, or great numbers, of people. There are features of mass communication, however, that help to set it apart from other communication. Mass communication messages are prepared by institutions or other groups of people. A local television evening news program, for example, involves the three or four people who are seen at the news desk, but it also involves many people who are never seen on camera—camera operators, engineers, business managers, and many others.

2. Mass communication is also directed to a relatively large and anonymous audience—“to whom it may concern.” The message must appeal to a large number of people, or those producing it will not remain in business. Finally, the source of the message is remote—separated from the audience by time or space. As a consequence, those being addressed do not feel the same need to pay careful attention as do those in the company of the message source. For example, television viewers generally feel free to talk to each other, leave the room to get a snack, change channels, or fall asleep.

3. The fact that mass communication is a business has important implications. The mass media are in competition with each other for sales dollars, advertising revenue, or both. With advances in technology the number of alternatives is increasing. People have a greater variety of communication products from which to choose. Cable television, videotapes, and pay television systems, for instance, offer an increasing number of options to television viewers.

4. As some people turn away from regular network and local-station programming, advertisers may be unwilling to pay the prices asked for advertising time. In the past, magazine publishers, film producers, and radio stations found it necessary to reach out for specific audiences. It has been suggested that the general mass audience is disappearing in favor of a number of smaller, more limited mass audiences.
 (Encyclopedia Britannica)

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Mass communication differs from other communications.

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Humanism

1. “Man is the measure of all things,” said the Greek philosopher Protagoras in the 5th century BC. This statement serves to clarify the two primary definitions of humanism. First of all, humanism was a movement that arose during the 14th century in Italy. The time in which humanism flourished was called the Renaissance, which means “rebirth”. Humanism was, in fact, the essence of the Renaissance. It involved a revival of study of the ancient Latin and Greek authors in order to learn about them for their own sake, to see them in their proper historical context. It involved trying to see what the ancient authors had actually meant, uninfluenced by specifically Christian interpretations of them.

2. Second, humanism became a point of view that asserted human dignity and values, and as such it survives today. Humanism expressed a confidence in humanity's ability to exert control over nature or to shape society according to its needs and desires.

3. Humanism derives from the Latin word humanitas. The word obviously means “humanity,” but in relation to humanism it signifies more. For the Roman statesman Cicero, humanitas meant a certain kind of broad education needed to function adequately in society. Such an education was designed to allow people to explore the whole range of knowledge in order to develop their full potential

4. For the Italian Renaissance humanists, the humanities consisted primarily of studying the ancient, pre-Christian authors. It also meant using the knowledge they gained to promote the development of human capacities, to open new possibilities for mankind. One of the new directions was exploration of the natural world by science. Ancient scientific texts spurred the scholars of the Renaissance to rethink the world and the universe and to look in new directions with new methods. Hence there occurred the birth of modern science and mathematics in the work of such men as Galileo, Copernicus, and Leonardo.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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The word “humanism” is of the Greek origin.

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Mass communication

1. Mass communication may be defined simply as messages directed at masses, or great numbers, of people. There are features of mass communication, however, that help to set it apart from other communication. Mass communication messages are prepared by institutions or other groups of people. A local television evening news program, for example, involves the three or four people who are seen at the news desk, but it also involves many people who are never seen on camera—camera operators, engineers, business managers, and many others.

2. Mass communication is also directed to a relatively large and anonymous audience—“to whom it may concern.” The message must appeal to a large number of people, or those producing it will not remain in business. Finally, the source of the message is remote—separated from the audience by time or space. As a consequence, those being addressed do not feel the same need to pay careful attention as do those in the company of the message source. For example, television viewers generally feel free to talk to each other, leave the room to get a snack, change channels, or fall asleep.

3. The fact that mass communication is a business has important implications. The mass media are in competition with each other for sales dollars, advertising revenue, or both. With advances in technology the number of alternatives is increasing. People have a greater variety of communication products from which to choose. Cable television, videotapes, and pay television systems, for instance, offer an increasing number of options to television viewers.

4. As some people turn away from regular network and local-station programming, advertisers may be unwilling to pay the prices asked for advertising time. In the past, magazine publishers, film producers, and radio stations found it necessary to reach out for specific audiences. It has been suggested that the general mass audience is disappearing in favor of a number of smaller, more limited mass audiences.
 (Encyclopedia Britannica)

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Mass communication is competitive business.