Вопрос № 1072219 - Английский язык

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The Universe contains everything that exists – not only the 1_______ and everything on it, but also all the planets, stars, and galaxies, and the space in between them. The sun, at the center of the solar system, is just one of about 100 billion stars in our galaxy, or collection of stars, called the Milky Way. 2_______ have estimated that there are about 100 billion other galaxies in the universe. Most scientists 3_______that the universe formed about 15 billion years ago in an enormous explosion called the big bang. They also think that 4_______ is expanding.

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Nuclear physics
1. The study of the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear physics. As a result of this study, scientists have discovered ways of splitting the nucleus to release huge amounts of energy. There are two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. A controlled nuclear reaction inside a power station can be used to provide heat and light for our homes.
2. Nuclear power stations use fission to produce their energy. Fast-moving atomic particles called neutrons are fired at the nucleus of an atom to split it. This splitting is called fission and it causes other atoms to split in a chain reaction. Some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost in the process. This is converted into large amounts of nuclear energy.
3. Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction that creates huge amounts of energy. It takes place naturally inside the sun, creating the heat energy that we need to survive on Earth. At temperatures of about 14 million C dgr. the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms fuse, or join together. In the process, some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost and converted into energy. Scientists are trying to develop this form of nuclear reaction as a safer alternative to the nuclear fission that takes place in power stations.
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What form of producing energy is better studied by scientists?

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Compound is a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are joined together by chemical bonds. Because of these bonds, it is very difficult to split a compound into its individual elements. The type and number of bonds formed depend on the electrons (particles with a negative electrical charge) in each atom. The properties of a compound can be very different from those of the elements it contains. For example, the salt we use in our food is a harmless compound, yet it is made up of two dangerous elements – sodium, which reacts violently with air, and chlorine, which is poisonous in large quantities.

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A chemical reaction occurs when substances change into new substances. For this to happen, the bonds between atoms and molecules must break and re-form in different ways. Because the bonds can be strong, energy, usually in the form of heat, is often needed to start a reaction. The new substances have properties different from those of the original substances. Chemical reactions do not occur only in laboratories; they happen all around us – for example, when cars rust and when food is cooked.

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The Italian physicist Alessandro Volta was a pioneer in the development of electricity. 1_______. His work impressed the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him a count. 2_______. Volta also studied the properties of air. 3_______. This work was largely ignored, and the same idea was later advanced by others. 4_______.

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The Earth is one of nine planets that travel around the sun in the solar system. 1_______. It is the only planet known to support life. 2_______. At first this mass was very cold. 3_______. Heavy metals collected at the center and rocks floated near the surface. After millions of years, the rocks formed a hard crust. 4_______.