Вопрос № 223108 - Английский язык

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A laser is a quantum electronic 1______________. It is a machine for making and concentrating light 2______________ into a very intense beam. The letters LASER stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light made by a laser is much more intense than ordinary 3________________. With ordinary light, all the light waves are of different 4________________. With lasers, all the light waves are of the same length, and this increases the intensity.

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The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their 2______________ orbits, each one emitting a pulse of light of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And every pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other3______________. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

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1____________ is an extremely simple-looking 2_______________. It is nothing more than a cylinder of synthetic ruby about 1/4 inches in 3_____________ and 1 1/2 inches long mounted in the centre of a spiral coil of glass. The coil is a xenon-filled flash 4_______________, very much like the ones used by photographers for taking flash pictures.

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The laser beam is 1_____________ by exciting the atoms of a suitable material - ruby is one - until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together, to their normal orbits, each one emitting a pulse of 2______________ of the same energy. In this way an intense beam of light is generated for a very short time. And 3______________ pulse or wave-train in this beam is in step with every other pulse. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent and easy to focus. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape at the other 4______________ of the tube.

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The range of the 1______________ use is expanding with 2______________ passing year. The use of picoseconds laser pulses will help to 3______________ faster and more powerful microchips information circuits and computers by mapping more exactly the routes electrons take through semiconductor materials, the rates they travel and the effects of impurities. 4______________ lasers will help research on interactions among molecules in liquids.

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Lasers are widely used in 1_______________. In Moscow an All-Union Centre for Using Lasers in Surgery has been set up. The first step was made in 1970 by 2_____________ A. Vishnevsky who used a small-capacity 3______________ installation experimenting on animals. Russian scientists have produced Scalpel-1 installation which is widely used in our 4_____________ and is exported to many other countries.