Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова. Hardening of plain carbon st...: ответ на тест 1046600 - Английский язык

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.

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Where are steels of low carbon content used?
The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and it is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

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Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. 1_______. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. 2_______. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.
3_______. For example, to make the roof of an automobile from a flat sheet, the edges are gripped and the piece pulled in tension over a lower die. 4_______. And finally the edges are sheared off to give the final dimensions.

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1_______. This system was first developed in India in the 3rd century BC. 2_______.
The important innovation in the Arabic system was the use of positional notation, in which individual number symbols assume different values according to their position in the written numeral. 3_______. The symbol 0 makes it possible to differentiate between 11, 101, and 1,001 without the use of additional symbols, and all numbers can be expressed in terms of ten symbols, the numerals from 1 to 9 plus 0. 4_______.

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Soldering is recommended for making connections on electrical circuits, but it should never be used where strong joints are required. For permanent joints between two dissimilar materials like nylon and metal, it is advisable to use adhesives. For temporary jobs, like fitting a maintenance cover, screw-fastening should always be used. Riveting is recommended for permanent sheet-metal joints such as outer casing fitting. Although welding should always be used for steel support girders, brazing can be used for medium-sized joints where strength is required; for example the joint between the base and body of a hydraulic jack.
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Screw-fastening should always be used for …

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Cast iron should be used for components which must be strong in compression. It is recommended for machine beds and frames. Wrought iron is recommended for components where tensile strength is required; for example, crane hooks and railway couplings. Mild steel should be used for components which must be strong in shear; therefore it is recommended for rivets and bolts. Medium carbon steel is recommended for components where impact strength is required; for example, axles and hammer heads.
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Wrought iron is recommended for …