Вопрос № 863655 - Английский язык

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Hyperinflation
1. Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.
2. Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 – just fifteen months earlier – was 1.02 × 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.
3. Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of «paper» money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.
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What is hyperinflation caused by?

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Hyperinflation
1. Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.
2. Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 – just fifteen months earlier – was 1.02 × 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.
3. Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of «paper» money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.
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What is hyperinflation caused by?

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Marketing Magic
1. Why would anyone who lives in a city where the drinking water is clean, good-tasting, and free of charge pay $1.50 for a glass of bottled water? Odd though it may seem, this is a daily occurrence in New York City and has been since 1977, when Perrier water was first introduced in the United States. Perrier, a lightly carbonated water from the south of France, is chic. It became that way because the company that bottles Perrier had a very smart marketing strategy.
2. A marketing strategy is a plan for presenting a product so that it will be as attractive as possible to potential buyers, regardless of any intrinsic merits the product may have. Before Perrier came to the United States, Americans rarely drank bottled water, and then only when they feared the local water supply was contaminated. But the Perrier people changed that by appealing to Americans who were highly conscious of three things: health, weight, and fashion. Perrier was presented as a sparkling, natural drink, free of alcohol and other dangerous chemicals. But not only was it good for you, it was French. Therefore it was sophisticated as only a French drinking water could be. With this strategy, Perrier sold over 40 million bottles of water in the United States in one year.
3. Another example of marketing magic is "designer jeans." For over a hundred years, miners, farmers, and cowboys have worn jeans because they were made of sturdy blue denim that didn't wear out. They were simply the best work pants in the world.
4. But a Hong Kong businessman, Mohan Murjani, wasn't interested in selling something practical and durable. For him, jeans were a marketing problem and he wanted a new way of presenting them to the public. He decided to make a new kind of jeans, not for working cowboys, but for people who wanted to look glamorous. And Murjani succeeded. By 1978, 17% of all jeans sold were tight-fitting designer jeans. They cost no more to make than cowboy jeans, but they sold for four or five times as much. Why? Because people will pay more for fashion than they will for work clothes. And if the marketing strategy is right, anything can be made fashionable.
(World English)
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The promotion of French water like healthy and chic resulted in its high sales in the USA.

Electronics is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that ________ information and control devices such as computers.

The force that you exert on the Earth as a result of gravity acting on your body is …

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Plasma Cutters
1. Modern industry depends on the manipulation of heavy metal and alloys. We need metals to build the tools and transportation necessary for day-to-day business. The reason is simple: metals are extremely strong and durable, so they're the logical choice for most things that need to be especially big, especially sturdy, or both.
2. The funny thing is that metal's strength is also a weakness: because metal is so good at resisting damage, it's very difficult to manipulate and form into specialized pieces. People can precisely cut and manipulate the metals using the plasma cutter. The plasma cutter is actually a common tool that has been around since World War II.
3. Plasma cutters are not the only devices to harness the power of plasma. Neon signs, fluorescent lighting and plasma displays, just to name a few, all rely on it to get the job done. These devices use "cool" plasma. Though cool plasma cannot be used to cut metals, it has tons of other useful applications.
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Modern industry relies on plasma cutters as …