Вопрос № 1072126 - Английский язык

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Heart disorders fall into two broad groups: 1_______ and acquired. Congenital heart defects are caused by structural defects. Acquired 2_______ disease is mainly due to rheumatic fever.
Congenital defects may result in cyanosis if the defect is such that blood does not pass through the lungs for oxygenation. The patient has blue 3_______ and blue-finger and toe-nails. The 4_______ of the fingers and toes are rounded and club-like.

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Heart disease is not one but many diseases. Nor is the heart alone involved. The blood vessels and the kidneys, and sometimes other organs, are also affected. When we talk about heart disease, we usually mean cardiovascular or cardiovascularenal disease, «cardio» for heart, «vascular» for blood vessels, «renal» for kidneys. When damage or change occurs in any part of this system, it is reflected in the other parts.
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What is influenced by heart disease?

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Anemia signifies a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells. It may be due to blood loss (open or hidden bleeding) or increased blood destruction (in the spleen), to faulty nutrition (e.g. lack of iron in the diet), poisons that depress the activity of the bone marrow, or other causes. Bone marrow, which makes blood, may be injured by heavy metal poisoning and some drugs, overdoses of X-ray, and tumors.

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Polycythemia means an increase in the number of circulating red blood cells or in the iron content of these cells. Sometimes this is a compensation for high altitudes or other conditions that decrease the normal oxygen supply. True polycythemia, however, is the result of abnormal production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. In this condition the blood often becomes heavier and stickier than normal, flows more slowly, clots too readily. The patient’s face looks constantly flushed and slightly blue. Treatment includes irradiation of the bone marrow, bleeding, and the use of some drugs.

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Leukemia, sometimes called cancer of the blood, is a disease, usually fatal, characterized by a great overgrowth of the tissues that form white blood cells. This overgrowth may occur in the lymph tissue or the bone marrow. The disease may progress slowly (chronic) or rapidly (acute). A great increase in the number of white blood cells is usually found, and there is also an increase in the undeveloped, immature forms of white blood cells. Some hopeful progress has been made in delaying the course of the disease with certain chemical substances.

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Purpura describes a variety of conditions in which spontaneous bleeding occurs beneath the skin, from mucous membranes, or into the joints. Small hemorrhages are called petechiae. Purpura occurs in many acute diseases, for example, scarlet fever and diphtheria; in scurvy (bleeding gums due to lack of vitamin C), anemia, and leukemia; and as the result of a decrease in the number of blood platelets.