Вопрос № 1088135 - Английский язык

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                                                 Neoclassical Economics
1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.
2. Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.
3. In England there was established the Cambridge school – a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.
4. What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.
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What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?

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Neoclassical Economics
1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.
2. Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.
3. In England there was established the Cambridge school – a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.
4. What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.
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What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?

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Disabled staff
1. If you mention diversity, most people will think you mean avoiding racial or sexual discrimination. However, there are other types of discrimination too. True diversity means making sure that no group of people is prevented from being a member of your staff because of prejudice. Disabled workers are one such group. When we think of a disabled person, we often think of someone with mobility problems who needs to use a wheelchair, but there are other types of disability too, like sight or hearing problems.
2. Disabled staff have skills and experience which can benefit your business.
If you are willing to consider employing a disabled person, this will increase the range of candidates for recruiting staff. On the other hand, if disabled people feel they cannot apply, you may discourage the right person for the job. Not only that, but reports suggest that disabled staff are often very good at creative thinking. This is not surprising, as most of them have to come up with creative solutions to help them in their day-to-day lives. If you are a wheelchair-user who has to travel on the railway, for example, you are likely to be an excellent problem-solver.
3. The changes needed in the workplace for disabled people are often quite small. You may need to make minor changes to the building and possibly some other changes, depending on the type of disability. For example, if you employ someone with sight problems, company documents may be needed in a different format, like a recording or in large print. Finally, it is worth remembering that if you have a diverse workforce, you will probably attract a more diverse range of customers. After all, most disabled people could be your customers as well.
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Credit
1. Credit has been standardized over the years and many stores belong to corporations that won’t allow people to purchase goods unless they pay on the spot with cash, check, or a major credit card. Now big banks control whether you can use credit and how much you can use. Before a bank will allow you to use credit, it must first believe that you can be trusted to repay the amount of credit you use. This is considered financial trustworthiness.
2. Lenders use a number of factors to determine your financial trustworthiness and it’s not based on how long they’ve known your family. Your credit history is one of the most commonly used factors. How you have used credit in the past – your credit history – is considered to be the best way to predict how you will use it in the future. Your credit history is reported in your credit report and measured by your credit score. Lenders also consider your income. Even with a good history of repaying what you borrow, lenders want to know that you actually have the means to pay back the credit you use.
3. For new borrowers without a credit history, lenders may place more importance on your income. They may only give you a small amount of credit to start out with and increase your credit as you demonstrate you can handle it. If you’re a new borrower or you’ve had credit problems in the past, the lender might require someone who has a favorable credit history to co-sign with you. The co-signer essentially agrees to repay credit charges when the other person fails to do so. Both borrowers share credit.
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Financial services
1. More than 35,000 firms compete for investor assets in an ever-changing financial landscape. The top 50 firms generate more than half of revenues in the broadly defined financial planning and advisory business universe. An employer’s financial strength is an essential element in developing a financial planning and advisory practice. In the aftermath of the recent global financial crisis, more investors look for stability and reliability in advisers and their employer firms.
2. Investment advisers and financial planners must develop strong relationships with their clients. Trust between the adviser and client is as indispensable as the products, services, and financial advice provided by the adviser’s firm. High performance contributes to the development of strong client relationships. Satisfied existing clients are the adviser’s best form of advertising and new referrals. Developing new clients while maintaining satisfied existing ones grows the business.
3. Financial services firms continue to create and reorganize new mobile products and technologies with clients in mind. Some financial institutions are developing marketing strategies that reach out to new prospects via mobile phone. In addition, financial services firms are refining their mobile strategies to attract multicultural groups via mobile technology. When the prospective client reads information on his favorite site, the financial institution offers links to products and services that reflect the client’s interests. A click on the link provided starts the process of contact between the financial institution and the client.
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Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
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