Вопрос № 844665 - Английский язык

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FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.

2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.

3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.

4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What company was the first to introduce a personal computer?

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FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.

2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.

3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.

4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Lap-top computers are small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes.

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. The future of information systems may be gathered from several areas of current research. As all information carriers (text, video, and sound) can be converted to digital form and manipulated by increasingly sophisticated techniques, the ranges of media, functions, and capabilities of information systems are constantly expanding. Evolving techniques of natural-language processing and understanding, knowledge representation, and neural process modelling have begun to join the more traditional range of methods of content analysis and manipulation. The use of these techniques opens the possibility of receiving new knowledge from existing data.

2. Computer visualisation, a new field that has grown expansively since the early 1990s, deals with the conversion of masses of data coming from instruments, databases, or computer simulations into visual displays - the most efficient method of human information reception, analysis, and exchange.

3. Related to computer visualisation is the research area of virtual reality or virtual worlds, which denotes the generation of synthetic environments through the use of three-dimensional displays and interaction devices. A number of research directions in this area are particularly relevant to future information systems: knowledge-based world modelling; the development of physical analogues for abstract quantitative and organisational data; and search and retrieval in large virtual worlds.

4. Present-day computers are remarkably versatile machines capable of assisting humans in nearly every problem-solving task that involves symbol manipulations. Television, on the other hand, has penetrated societies throughout the world as a noninteractive display device for combined video and audio signals. The forthcoming convergence of three digital technologies - namely, the computer, very-high-definition television (V-HDTV), and data communications - is inevitable. In such a system, a large-screen multimedia display monitor, containing a 64-megabit primary memory and a billion-byte hard disk for data storage and playback, would serve as a computer and, over fibre links, an interactive television receiver.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация

Digital form of information carriers facilitates the expansion of information systems.

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FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.

2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.

3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.

4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The structural components of a personal computer

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. The future of information systems may be gathered from several areas of current research. As all information carriers (text, video, and sound) can be converted to digital form and manipulated by increasingly sophisticated techniques, the ranges of media, functions, and capabilities of information systems are constantly expanding. Evolving techniques of natural-language processing and understanding, knowledge representation, and neural process modelling have begun to join the more traditional range of methods of content analysis and manipulation. The use of these techniques opens the possibility of receiving new knowledge from existing data.

2. Computer visualisation, a new field that has grown expansively since the early 1990s, deals with the conversion of masses of data coming from instruments, databases, or computer simulations into visual displays - the most efficient method of human information reception, analysis, and exchange.

3. Related to computer visualisation is the research area of virtual reality or virtual worlds, which denotes the generation of synthetic environments through the use of three-dimensional displays and interaction devices. A number of research directions in this area are particularly relevant to future information systems: knowledge-based world modelling; the development of physical analogues for abstract quantitative and organisational data; and search and retrieval in large virtual worlds.

4. Present-day computers are remarkably versatile machines capable of assisting humans in nearly every problem-solving task that involves symbol manipulations. Television, on the other hand, has penetrated societies throughout the world as a noninteractive display device for combined video and audio signals. The forthcoming convergence of three digital technologies - namely, the computer, very-high-definition television (V-HDTV), and data communications - is inevitable. In such a system, a large-screen multimedia display monitor, containing a 64-megabit primary memory and a billion-byte hard disk for data storage and playback, would serve as a computer and, over fibre links, an interactive television receiver.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What does “virtual reality” mean?

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FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.

2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.

3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.

4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What company was the first to introduce a personal computer?