Вопрос № 1072719 - Английский язык

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International trade of food was practiced in the ancient world. In the Middle Ages the trade in salt and wine 1_______ the breakdown of many of the traditional trade routs. Trade with the Far East – for spice crops such as cinnamon and pepper, and later for tea – was 2_______ trade of the 16th and 17th centuries. Lately the demand for cocoa and for vegetable oils with which to make margarine, has been of equal importance. Improved 3_______ of storing and of preserving have revolutionized food industry in the last century. In the Middle Ages it was difficult even to store corn. Better warehousing was 4_______; but it was not until 1850 that the principle of refrigeration was discovered.

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Health foods may be popular today because many Americans became tired of processed foods. Canned, frozen, and processed foods became very popular in the United States in the 1950s. At that time, the American food industry tried to convince American cooks that these foods were more timesaving, modern, and safe. And those values were more important to most Americans than the taste of the food. The time saved by opening a can of peas was more important to busy housewives than the better taste of fresh peas, which take more work in the kitchen. And the economy of the United States changed so that it actually became cheaper to buy canned or frozen peas than fresh ones.
What do Americans eat today? Many, who grew up eating food out of a can, prefer frozen pizzas, potato chips, and TV dinners. Others prefer “plain old American food,” which usually means something like simply cooked meat with potatoes and vegetables cooked separately. At the same time, some Americans have become interested in other kinds of foods, such as health foods and international foods.
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At that time, the American food industry tried to convince American cooks that these foods were _______.

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Some historians divide the whole history of mankind into four phases: of hunting and fishing, of sheep and cattle tending, of agriculture, and of industry. For modern man all four phases of activity exist side by side; but prehistoric man hunted or collected all his food. Agricultural history is the story of how man gradually moved from the first to the latest phase. The latest industrial phase has brought about both the greatest increase in the production of food and also the most effective system of distributing it.
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Who hunted or collected all food?

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New foods are not always given an immediate welcome. For example, the potato, though introduced to England in the 17th century, did not become a national staple food until the 19th century. The tomato, which began to be consumed in very large quantities in England only from about 1880, took several years to establish itself.
Certain peoples have certain food taboos, that is, foods which are not eaten usually because of religious law. Many tribes in Africa and America do not eat pork, Hindus do not eat beef. The Chinese, by tradition, have not been milk-drinkers, and their recipes for cooking have remained unchanged for thousands of years.
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What don’t Hindus eat?

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At the dawn of history we find man practicing the most elementary methods of modifying soil conditions. He broke up the surface and prepared a seed-bed, using for this purpose the most primitive of all cultivating devices, a digging implement like a hoe. In early times the principal crops were cereals and flax.
By the 19th century such a complexity of implements had been introduced as to justify the term «agricultural machinery». In agriculture, as in industry, the use first of water-power and then of steam had immensely stimulated the invention of machinery or replacing manual labour.  A threshing-machine was invested late in the 18th century and was gradually coming into use early in the 19th. It was driven by water or wind, sometimes by horse labour and later by steam. The mowing-machine, the self-binder and the potato-digger had been developed in the first instance for horse or manual labour.
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What stimulated the invention of machinery?

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The Roman Empire began as a country of small farms on the Italian peninsula before 500 B.C. By the A.D. 200s the Romans had developed new farming methods, e.g. systems of crop rotation. The selective breeding of plants and livestock began in Europe during Roman times, too. During the Middle Ages European farmers invented a three-field system of crop-rotation during the Middle Ages. In many areas, it replaced the Roman two-field system. On most European farms horses gradually replaced oxen as the chief source of power. Many special-purpose livestock breeds were developed.