Вопрос № 1072248 - Английский язык

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All crops require nutrients and water to grow. Soil supplies most of the nutrients. It also stores the water that the crops need. Crops differ, however, in the amount of nutrients and water they require for healthy growth. A farmer must therefore make sure that the soil and water resources meet the needs of each crop. A farmer must also plan measures to control pests, which could damage or ruin a crop. Most farmers plan their methods of soil and water management and of pest control well in advance of the growing season.
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What do all crops require to grow?

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All plants require certain conditions of the environment for their best growth and development. The most important of them are water, soil, sunlight and temperature.
Without sunlight many important processes in plants do not take place. One of them is photosynthesis by which plants produce food from inorganic materials.
Besides water the soil in which crops are grown is to be provided with air and all necessary nutrients. The most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are at least 14 elements that are essential for proper plant growth. Farmers have to apply the nutrients taken by growing crops from the soil.

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Agronomists use the world “pests” in referring to weeds, plant diseases, and insects that threaten crops. Most farmers control pests with chemicals called pesticides. Scientists have developed hundreds of pesticides for use on farms. Each one is designed to fight certain of weeds, plant diseases, or harmful insects. All pesticides must be with extreme care. If they are used improperly, they may pollute the environment or the food supply and so endanger people’s health.
Farmers also use other methods of pest control in addition to pesticides. For example, turning the soil with a plough or mechanical cultivator kills most weeds. However, special pesticides called herbicides control weeds more thoroughly than soil turning does. Some herbicides remain active in the soil for some time and so kill weed seedlings as develop.
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Farmers harvest their field crops with machines. They use combines to harvest most grain and seed crops, including barley, corn, rice, soybeans, and wheat. A combine performs several tasks. First, it cuts the plant stalks. Then, it threshes the cuttings – that is, separates the grain or seeds from the straw and other residues. The combine returns the residues to the ground and collects the grain or seeds in a tank or bin.
Some farmers harvest corn with special machines. The machines pick the ears from the stalks but do not remove the grain from the ears. Special machines are also used to harvest other field crops, including peanuts, potatoes, and sugar beets. Some machines mow such crops as alfalfa and clover. The moved crops are left on the ground, where they dry and become hay. Machines called hay balers gather the hay and bind it into bales.
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Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products. The chief kinds of livestock raised throughout the world are cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep, and horses. Other kinds of livestock include donkeys, goats, mules, and rabbits. In some countries, farmers raise lamas, reindeer, buffaloes and yaks. The science of raising, breeding, and caring for livestock is called animal science.
Several thousand years ago, people began to domesticate and raise various kinds of livestock. The use of domesticated animals as a source of food and power made it possible for people to settle in one place. They then could begin farming. Through the centuries, farmers improved their livestock through various breeding methods.
In most parts of the world, livestock provide such food products as meat, butter, cheese, eggs, and milk. The skins of some livestock provide such valuable by-products as fur, hair, leather, and wool.
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A domestic animal’s daily food intake is called a ration. A balanced ration contains the nutrients that the 1_______ needs for growth and good health. These nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, and vitamins. Animals suffering from nutritional deficiencies produce less meat and 2_______, or fewer eggs. They may become unhealthy. Swine and poultry feed consists of various grains, by-products from food processing, minerals, 3_______, and concentrated plant and animal proteins. Cattle, sheep, and other ruminants 4_______the grasses and legumes of pastureland. They are also fed grain, hay, the stalks of certain plants, and other crop remains.