Вопрос № 932983 - Английский язык

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We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different 1_______ and kinds of architecture in the past around the world. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great 2_______ and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within 3_______ are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the “New Rome”, Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated 4_______ of conception, design and construction.

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Modern Architecture
1. Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building, which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
2. In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
3. Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of the presence there of a unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design, which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.
4. In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town-planning and housing. This was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, it became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than between buildings designed for effect and those that aimed at the creation of a modern vernacular and a humane and harmonious environment. The Modern Movement cannot be said to have had a clear historical end. It always exited concurrently with other ways of designing.
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Architecture is an 1_______. The triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a 2_______ art. The architect does not first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, then designs around his plan a strong 3_______ to shelter it, and finally adjusts and decorates the whole to make it pretty. It takes him a special type of imagination as well as long years of training and experience to produce a 4_______ capable of making the requisite in the light of these three factors – “use, construction, aesthetic effect” – simultaneously.

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We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different 1_______ and kinds of architecture in the past around the world. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great 2_______ and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within 3_______ are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the “New Rome”, Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the Middle Ages, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated 4_______ of conception, design and construction.

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In ancient Russia 1_______ flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the 2_______ of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong 3_______ with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as 4_______ against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.

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When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry 1_______ to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the 2_______ of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began 3_______ a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for 4_______ of later historic times.