Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Automation is performing certai...: ответ на тест 1046596 - Английский язык

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Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled 1_______. The most familiar example of a highly automated 2_______ is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can 3_______ independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and 4_______ than could be done by people.

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Automation
1. Automation is the use of control systems in concern with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
2. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
3. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.
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How does automation benefit to people?

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Why were originally industrial robots designed?
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

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What is fatigue?
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.

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Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their ability to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials can absorb energy by deformation but brittle materials cannot.

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.