Вопрос № 1072391 - Английский язык

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Professional titles
  1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
 2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
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What is the difference between the right of audience of barristers and solicitors?

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Professional titles
  1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
 2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
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What do people think about the distinction between barristers and solicitors?

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According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 Russia is a federation and formally a presidential-parliamentary republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The presidential-parliamentary system, or premier-presidential system, is a system of government in which a president and a prime minister are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state who is more than a purely ceremonial figure, and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign.
The Russian Federation is fundamentally named a representative democracy.
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What does the presidential-parliamentary system mean?

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Judiciary power is vested in the system of courts comprising Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and regional courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can cancel laws they consider to be unconstitutional. According to the Constitution, the justice in the court is based on the equality of all citizens, judges are independent and subject only to the law, trials are to be open and the accused is guaranteed a defense. Since 1996, Russia has introduced a moratorium a the death penalty, although capital punishment has not been abolished by law.
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What does the system of courts in Russia consist of?

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The UK is a monarchy and has a parliamentary government. This means that there is no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The ministers of the executive branch are drawn from the legislative body (Parliament) and are accountable to that body. In such a system, the head of government is both chief executive and chief legislator.
Parliament, the law-making body (legislature) of the British people, consists of three elements: the Monarch, or Sovereign (King or Queen), and the Houses of Parliament constituted by an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. They meet in the Palace of Westminster together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parliament, although the agreement of all three is necessary for legislation.
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What does Parliament consist of?

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General Elections to the House of Commons are held after Parliament has been dissolved, either by the Queen or because the maximum term between elections – five years – has expired. The decision on when to hold a general election is made by the Prime Minister. Britain is divided into constituencies, each of which returns one MP to the House of Commons. The British electoral system is based on the relative majority method – sometimes called the “first past the post” principle – which means the candidate with more votes than any other is elected.
All British citizens together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic living in Britain may vote, provided they are 18 years or over and not legally barred from voting. People not entitled to vote include prisoners, members of the House of Lords, and those kept in hospital for mental disorders.
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What does the relative majority method mean?