Вопрос № 933275 - Английский язык

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There was a time when things like cattle, salt, shells, etc., were used as the media of exchange. But all these suffer from drawbacks. Precious metals came to be accepted as money, because they had certain advantages. Gold and silver have been accepted as the media of exchange; but that is not the only function of money. 1_______. Distance is measured in yards, feet, inches, etc.; temperature is measured as so many degrees fahrenheit and centigrade; weight is measured in ounces, pounds, tons, etc., and the value of any article is measured in rubles, dollars, shillings, etc. If a wrist watch is more valuable than a book, you can explain that the price of a watch is $40 and that that of a book is $5. 2_______. That is how you measure the value in terms of money. 3_______. Two merchants may be buying and selling a lot of goods from each other. Instead of making payments every day to each other, they may find it much more convenient to write down accounts, and then at the end of every month or year, they may adjust their accounts and make a small amount of payment from the debtor to the creditor. These accounts are written in terms of the currency of the country concerned. Money also functions as a “store” of value. If you do not want to spend your money today, you may keep it with you, as long as you wish. 4_______. For the same reason money can also be used as a standard of deferred payments. If you buy something on credit, you may make the payments at the end of the month, or at any other convenient time. Whether you pay today or after a month it makes no difference in the value of money.

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1_______. The major forms of money in those days, gold and silver coins, were inconvenient to carry and liable to be stolen. 2_______. In this way, the goldsmith became a kind of medieval banker. 3_______. In time, the goldsmiths’ receipts became very popular with merchants and travelers who had to move large sums of money. 4_______.

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Changes in the level of prices have very serious consequences. 1_______. When prices rise, their money can buy much less than before. All creditors also suffer, because when they gave the loan, money had a higher value, and at the time of repayment the value of money is reduced. 2_______. Rising price level has a good effect on trade and industries, because as prices rise, businessmen earn higher profits. All those whose income changes with prices are benefitted. 3_______. Falling price level, on the other hand, benefits the fix income group of people, creditors, and all those who have money saved, because when the prices fall, their money becomes more valuable. 4_______. It is also harmful to debtors, because they have to repay debts at a higher value of money.

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1_______. The major forms of money in those days, gold and silver coins, were inconvenient to carry and liable to be stolen. 2_______. In this way, the goldsmith became a kind of medieval banker. 3_______. In time, the goldsmiths’ receipts became very popular with merchants and travelers who had to move large sums of money. 4_______.

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1_______. That is they represented a specific amount of gold in storage. In time, however, the goldsmiths noticed that on most days the gold that people withdrew was less than the amount they deposited. 2_______. In many instances, the borrowers, too, were content simply to take paper receipts rather than the actual metal. This was the beginning of what we now call fractional reserve banking. 3_______. Since goldsmiths’ receipts were a form of paper money, goldsmiths’ loans had the effect of increasing the money supply. Much the same is true today when banks make loans. 4_______. After setting aside a fraction of these deposits in the form of reserves, they create money by lending the remainder but instead of goldsmith receipts, modern banks expand the money supply through the use of checking accounts.

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A successful negotiation is when two people (or teams) reach agreement on something which they are both happy with. There should not be a winner and a loser. The negotiation should end with both people getting what they want. For example, if workers negotiate with the company’s management, the workers may get more pay and the management may get better productivity.
To be a good negotiator takes a lot of skill and preparation. You need to:
– understand what is a good result for the other team as well as yourself
– have a clear idea of your objectives
– be willing to compromise on your objectives
– be sure what your priorities are – what is most important to you
– have a strategy – a plan of what you are going to do and say
– listen carefully to the other people – what they say, and how they say it
– be well-prepared.
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For example, if workers negotiate with the company’s management, the workers may get more pay and the management may get …