Вопрос № 223860 - Английский язык

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The lathe is a machine-tool in which work is held so that it can be rotated about the axis. The cutting tool is traveled past the work from one end to the other. It is designed primarily for turning and boring operations. However, in addition to turning and boring, many other operations may also be performed on a lathe. The lathe is considered to be the oldest but still the most important of all machine-tools. Any shop, containing machines or machine-tools, contains a lathe.

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Machine-tools are machines designed for cutting metal by means of a cutting tool. The machine-tool comprises the principle manufacturing equipment in a machine shop. It is the original source of every manufactured article we use or touch. It can not only produce itself but it is the only machine which can create other machines.

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Today railway transport is quiet different than in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands of wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and the use of diesel traction was begun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling.

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Railway transport is still one of the cheapest ways of hauling freight over long distances. Communications are important to the national economy of a country. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and industry. Without roads it is impossible to market agricultural produce.

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Since 1890 to 1900 more than 11,000 miles of railway were built. By the end of 1925 the railway system had grown to 46,300 miles! The Baikal-Amur Line, more than 3,000 km long, was built in the Far East of our country, and the process of building new railway lines is going on.

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The first important railway construction from Petersburg to Moscow was begun in 1843 and opened to public traffic in 1851. That was a first-class double-track railway line, which linked two large industrial and cultural centres. It had 644 km in length, 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were erected to make the line as straight and level as possible.