Вопрос № 933220 - Английский язык

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Numerals are signs or symbols for graphic representation of numbers. The earliest forms of numerical notation were simply groups of straight lines, either vertical or horizontal, each line corresponding to the number 1. Such a system was inconvenient when dealing with large numbers.
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Numerals are …

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The Arabic system of numerical notation is used in most parts of the world today. This system was first developed in India in the 3rd century BC. At that time the numerals 1, 4, and 6 were written in the same form as today.
The important innovation in the Arabic system was the use of positional notation, in which individual number symbols assume different values according to their position in the written numeral. Positional notation is made possible by the use of a symbol for zero. The symbol 0 makes it possible to differentiate between 11, 101, and 1,001 without the use of additional symbols, and all numbers can be expressed in terms of ten symbols, the numerals from 1 to 9 plus 0. Positional notation also greatly simplifies all forms of written numerical calculation.

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The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibres with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.

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Ductility is the ability of a material to deform without breaking. One of the great advantages of metals is their ability to be formed into the shape that is needed, such as car body parts. Materials that are not ductile are brittle. Ductile materials can absorb energy by deformation but brittle materials cannot.

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Hardening of plain carbon steel consists of two stages; first heating to a specific temperature and then cooling rapidly. The cooling process is known as quenching. The correct temperature to which steel must be heated varies with its carbon content.
Overheating can cause grain growth, resulting in weak components.

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The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy – steel. 1_______. It is strong but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. 2_______. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. 3_______. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. 4_______.