Вопрос № 256486 - Английский язык

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During Lister’s early days as a surgeon, silk ligatures were used. Their ends were left outside the wound until the surgeon could pull them out. This system was not good.
Lister knew that the human body could absorb foreign particles. He wondered whether antiseptic silk might be absorbed too.
In 1867, he made the first experiment. The patient was an old horse. Lister cut open the horse’s neck and tied a silk signature around an artery. He sewed up the opening. One stormy night many years later when Lister was in bed with the flu he learned that the horse was dying. Lister rushed to the stable and by the light of a lantern he opened up the neck of the horse. He saw what he had hoped to see: the silk had been neatly walled off by surrounding tissue. Now he knew that it was no longer necessary to remove the ligatures used inside the body.
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Lister cut open the horse’s neck _______.

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In Lister’s time there was a woman whose name is known all over the world shows how the reasons of the effects of dirt were found. Her name was Florence Nightingale.
Nightingale’s contributions to the evolution of nursing as a profession were invaluable. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were largely untrained personnel who considered their job a menial chore; through her efforts the status of nursery was raised to a medical profession with high standards of education and important responsibilities. In 1907, she became the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit. She died in London in 1910 on August 13. Her works were translated in many languages. Florence Nightingale’s new kind of nursing went hand in hand with Joseph Lister’s work.
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Florence Nightingale’s new kind _______.

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There are only six public holidays a year in Great Britain. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Spring Bank Holiday and Late Summer Bank Holiday.
Most of these holidays are of religious origin though it would be right to say that for the greater part of the population they have long lost their religious significance and are simply days on which people relax, eat, drink, and make merry.
Besides public holidays there are other festivals, anniversaries, celebrations and simply days, for example, Pancake Day and Bonfire Night, on which certain traditions are observed, but unless they fall on a Sunday, they are ordinary working days.
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Besides public holidays there are other festivals, anniversaries, celebrations and simply days on which certain traditions are observed, but unless they fall on a Sunday, they are ordinary _________________.

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Out of six public holidays Christmas Day in Britain was a festival long before the conversion to Christianity. It is not surprising that many social customs connected with the celebration of Christmas go back to pagan times, as, for instance, the giving of presents and having a real spree once a year.
The idea of using a fir-tree for Christmas came to Britain from Germany. When the princes of the German house of Honover became the English Royal Family, they helped to make the Christmas tree custom popular in England.
So every winter in Trafalgar Square, in front of the National Gallery an enormous fir-tree stands. It is a gift from the people of Oslo to London. The Christmas tree is brightly decorated. Its branches are draped with tinsel and hung with big brilliant stars and shining balls of various colours and different sizes.
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The idea of using a fir-tree for Christmas came ________________.

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In Europe and North America, February the 14th is famous as St. Valentine’s Day. It is customary on the day to send a Valentine, a card with an affectionate message, to someone you love, or to your best friends. You don’t sign your name, and for a person whom you send this card it’s interesting to guess who has sent the card. Of course, it’s particularly young people who look forward to Valentine’s Day, hoping to receive many cards.
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It is customary on the day to send a card with an affectionate message, to someone you love, or ________________.

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In 1889 the Second Socialist International designated May Day - the First of May - as the holiday for Labour.
As May 1st is not a public holiday in Great Britain, May Day celebrations are traditionally held on the Sunday following it, unless, of course, the 1st of May falls on a Sunday.
On May Sunday workers all over Britain march through the streets with colourful banners and slogans. The British workers hold meetings to voice their demands for a change in the Government’s policy both home and foreign, for higher wages and better working conditions. The demonstrators strongly protest against rising unemployment and restrictions to freedom of the British Trade Unions.
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On May Sunday workers all over Britain march through the streets ___________.