Вопрос № 800727 - Английский язык

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The prices of foreign currencies expressed in terms of other currencies are called foreign exchange rates. There are today three markets for foreign exchange: the spot market, which deals in currency for immediate delivery; the forward market, which involves the future delivery of foreign currency; and the currency futures and options market, which deals in contracts to hedge against future changes in foreign exchange rates. Immediate delivery is defined as one or two business days for most transactions. Future delivery typically means one, three, or six months from today.
Dealers and brokers in foreign exchange actually set not one but two exchange rates for each pair of currencies. That is, each trader sets a bid (buy) price and an asked (sell) price. The dealer makes a profit on the spread between the bid and asked price, although that spread is normally very small.

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When you buy (or, more formally, purchase) something in a shop, you usually pay for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit.
Sometimes, you may be offered a discount or a reduction on something you buy at a shop. It is not usual to haggle about prices in a British shop, as it is in a Turkish market. If you want to return something which you have bought to a shop, you may be given a refund, i.e. your money will be returned, provided you have a receipt. The money that you pay for services, e.g. to a school or a lawyer, is usually called a fee or fees; the money paid for a journey is a fare. If you buy something that you feel was very good value, it’s a bargain.
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What is a fee?

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In business, producers sometimes agree to sell their entire output to a single buyer during a specified period. Sometimes buyers agree to purchase all of certain materials they may need during a given period from a single supplier. In both cases, the actual amounts remain uncertain until the contracts are performed. The parties must act in good faith as to quantities delivered or demanded.
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When do buyers agree to purchase certain materials they need from a single supplier?

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A person cannot accept an offer without knowing about it. That is because any action taken would not have been a response to the offer. Thus, an offer of a reward that is made to certain persons or even to the general public cannot be accepted by someone who has never seen or heard of the offer. In such cases, the offerer may get what was sought, but most courts require that anyone who claims the prize must have known of the offer and acted in response to it when performing the requested act.
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What are the requirements of an offer?

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Once made, an offer does not last forever. If it is not accepted, it ends without any contract arising:
1. at a prescribed time, if so stated in the offer,
2. at the end of a reasonable length of time if the offer does not state how long it will remain open,
3. by rejection of the offer by the offeree,
4. if the offeree makes a counteroffer,
5. if it is revoked (withdrawn) or modified by the offerer before the offeree accepts, or
6. by the death or insanity of the offerer or offeree.
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Does an offer last forever?

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Generally an offeree who accepts an offer must accept it exactly as made. If the offeree changes the offerer’s terms in any important way, the result is a counteroffer. In making a counteroffer the offeree says in legal effect, “I refuse your offer, here is my counteroffer”. Thus, a counteroffer not only terminates the original offer, but also immediately becomes a new offer. The original offer cannot be accepted by the offeree after a counteroffer has been made unless the original offer is renewed by the offerer.
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What is a counteroffer?