Вопрос № 1072384 - Английский язык

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Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
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Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
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Limited government in Great Britain means …

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The legacy of self-government, inherited from the English colonists, enables Americans today to voice their opinions without fear of reprisal, to choose their leaders, and to take an active part in shaping the communities in which they live. Modern Americans believe that there are natural rights – life, liberty, and property – that governments are contracted to protect. The Bill of Rights includes the following fundamental rights of any American: the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right to petition the government to correct wrongs, and the right of trial by jury.
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The UK has no single constitutional document like most other nations. The constitution of the United Kingdom which has evolved over many centuries is the set of laws and principles under which the United Kingdom is governed. That is why it is often said that the set of laws and principles the country has is an “unwritten” constitution.
Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including the Magna Carta (1215) which protects the rights of the community against the Crown; the Bill of Rights (1689) which extended the powers of Parliament, making it impossible for the Sovereign to ignore the wishes of the Government; and the Reform Act (1832), which reformed the system of parliamentary representation.
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Under the Constitution of Russia judges shall be citizens of the Russian Federation over 25 years of age with 1_______ education in law, having five-year experience in law. Their duty consists: in examining all the 2_______ evidence, interrogating the defendants, interviewing victims and 3_______, hearing the experts’ findings, examining the physical evidence and passing sentence which must be 4_______, grounded and just.

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The main task of notarial offices is to check the legality of all 1_______ they witness and to give 2_______ advice and to render assistance to institutions, 3_______, enterprises and individuals in protecting their legitimate interests. The duty of the 4_______ also consists in helping applicants to make wills, in drawing deeds of gift, purchase and sale.