Вопрос № 912191 - Английский язык

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A contract is an agreement, which is enforced by law. This agreement normally results from an exchange of promises.
For example, a husband and wife want their house painted. A painter examines the building and offers (promises) to do the job for $1,500 during the next month. The owners could accept the offer by promising to pay the price. For a contract to arise, the painter as offerer (one who makes the offer) must make a definite offer, and generally the offeree (one to whom the offer is made) must accept the offer exactly as presented. Of course, the parties may negotiate additional details. The homeowners could reject the offer by demanding a lower price or earlier completion. The painter, in turn, could accept or reject such a counteroffer. Without both offer and acceptance, there is no agreement. No particular language need be used. The intent of the parties is the important thing.
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Who is the offeree?

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One principle of English contract law is that there must be 1_______ and acceptance. An 2_______ to sell something is not normally considered an offer. If I see an add in a newspaper offering to sell a car, and I telephone the advertiser and agree to buy it, the seller is not obliged to sell it to me. This is because the law considers that the 3_______ offer is when I 4_______ the seller asking to buy the car. The seller may then decide whether to accept or reject my offer. This is the reason a store does not have to sell you the goods it displays for sale.

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One principle of English contract law is that there must be 1_______ and acceptance. An 2_______ to sell something is not normally considered an offer. If I see an add in a newspaper offering to sell a car, and I telephone the advertiser and agree to buy it, the seller is not obliged to sell it to me. This is because the law considers that the 3_______ offer is when I 4_______ the seller asking to buy the car. The seller may then decide whether to accept or reject my offer. This is the reason a store does not have to sell you the goods it displays for sale.

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What is the Constitution of Britain?
Britain is unusual because its constitution is not found in a formal written document. Instead, the constitutional rights of citizens and the powers of government are found in various case-law rulings, statutes, and even in traditions. For example, the important constitutional principle that the king or queen must approve any legislation passed by parliament is simply an unwritten tradition that has gradually developed over the last three hundred years. There is a debate in Britain about whether citizens’ rights would be better guaranteed by a written constitution, or at least a bill of rights. Some people argue that the government has too much freedom and that it is too easy to change the constitution since all that is needed is a new statute or even a change in traditional procedure. They complain that recent governments have overused libel laws and the Official Secrets Act (to censor information in the interests of national security), and feel that citizens’ rights have fallen behind those in neighboring European countries. Others argue that the flexibility of an unwritten constitution is a good thing, that the lack of a written constitution has not stood in the way of a long tradition of individual liberty in Britain, and that many countries with constitutions which look liberal on the surface suffer from oppressive governments which simply find ways to ignore constitutional rights.

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What does the principle of judicial review enable?
One area to consider is the ease with which an individual may obtain restitution for a wrong a public body has committed against him. In English law, the principle of judicial review enables a court to overturn a decision made by a government ministry that acted illegally or irrationally or beyond its authorized power. In the 1976 case of Congrieve vs. the Home Office, the British Home Secretary cancelled the television licenses of people who had bought them early to avoid a price increase. Congrieve successfully argued that although the minister had very wide powers to cancel licenses, it was an abuse of his power to do this when nothing illegal had been done.

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The bailiff is an officer of the court whose duties are to keep order in the courtroom, to call witnesses, and to take charge of the jury as instructed by the court at such times as the jury may not be in the courtroom, and particularly when, having received the case, the jury is deliberating upon its decision. It is the duty of the bailiff to see that no one talks with or attempts to influence the jurors in any manner.