Вопрос № 1072557 - Английский язык

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Bacteria, unlike higher organisms, consist of a single cell only. Some of the bacteria possess thread-like appendices, so-called cilia, for purpose of locomotion. These cilia are fixed either at one end of the cell or are arranged over the whole surface of the cell. The size of the cells is microscopic. The pathogen is thus visible with the aid of microscope only. Bacteria multiply by simple fission. Bacteria diseases are usually caused by the penetration of bacteria into injured plant parts. By excreting certain chemical agents bacteria break up cell unions, loosen them or kill part of the cells.

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And some microbes, of course, are age-old enemies, the invisible messengers of tuberculosis and cholera. But those arc relatively few. Only one microbe in a thousand is a pathogen. The rest, neither we nor the planet could live without. They make what we want, and they get rid of what we don’t want. They are the workhorses of biotechnology.
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Why can microbes be dangerous?

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Congenital causes of disorders act within the womb and result in disorders which are usually obvious at birth such as mongolism, abnormalities of the nervous system and deformities of the heart. These disorders are caused either by a fault in the chromosomal structure of the fertilized egg or by damage caused to the developing embryo in the womb. A developing embryo can be affected by a disease of the mother. For example, during the early months of pregnancy, German measles can lead to abnormalities of the heart and ears. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman may retard the normal growth of the foetus in the womb. Deformities may also be due to drugs taken during pregnancy.

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An enormous number of living things enter the body’s tissues, grow there and cause disease. Infectious agents act in different ways. Viruses act inside the cells. The polio virus, for example, causes paralysis by growing in and destroying a particular type of nerve cell in the spinal cord. Bacteria, on the other hand, are mainly extracellular. Malaria, which is still one of the world’s greatest killers, destroys the blood’s red cells. It is caused by a tiny parasite which is carried by mosquitoes. Its symptoms are a high fever, headache and violent shivering. It can result in chronic ill health or death.

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The effects of nutrition on health are both direct and indirect as health depends in many ways on the quantity and quality of diet. Large numbers of people suffer from chronic starvation, and devastating famine can result from floods, droughts and poor harvests. Even a diet which is quantitatively sufficient can lead to disease if it is deficient in vitamins. A diet which consistently lacks a sufficient quantity of a particular vitamin is certain in time to give rise to the vitamin deficiency disease.

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Cells are the fundamental units of all living things – human, animal, plant, microbe. 1_______. The human body is a congregation of an estimated 26 trillion cells that all started with a single fertilized egg cell.
2_______. The cells of the human body vary in size from about 1/10,000 to 1/1,000 of an inch.
A cell is a mass of protoplasm – a jellylike living substance – circumscribed by a cell wall and containing a nucleus. 3_______. New cells are formed by division of old ones. 4_______.