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Humanism
1. “Man is the measure of all things,” said the Greek philosopher Protagoras in the 5th century BC. This statement serves to clarify the two primary definitions of humanism. First of all, humanism was a movement that arose during the 14th century in Italy. The time in which humanism flourished was called the Renaissance, which means “rebirth”. Humanism was, in fact, the essence of the Renaissance. It involved a revival of study of the ancient Latin and Greek authors in order to learn about them for their own sake, to see them in their proper historical context. It involved trying to see what the ancient authors had actually meant, uninfluenced by specifically Christian interpretations of them.
2. Second, humanism became a point of view that asserted human dignity and values, and as such it survives today. Humanism expressed a confidence in humanity's ability to exert control over nature or to shape society according to its needs and desires.
3. Humanism derives from the Latin word humanitas. The word obviously means “humanity,” but in relation to humanism it signifies more. For the Roman statesman Cicero, humanitas meant a certain kind of broad education needed to function adequately in society. Such an education was designed to allow people to explore the whole range of knowledge in order to develop their full potential
4. For the Italian Renaissance humanists, the humanities consisted primarily of studying the ancient, pre-Christian authors. It also meant using the knowledge they gained to promote the development of human capacities, to open new possibilities for mankind. One of the new directions was exploration of the natural world by science. Ancient scientific texts spurred the scholars of the Renaissance to rethink the world and the universe and to look in new directions with new methods. Hence there occurred the birth of modern science and mathematics in the work of such men as Galileo, Copernicus, and Leonardo.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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The second definition of Humanism is connected with human values and abilities.
