Вопрос № 1072157 - Английский язык

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A bipolar junction transistor, or ВJT, was the first transistor invented, and through the 1970s, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices allowed them to capture nearly all market shares for digital circuits.
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In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of some semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to the external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, transistors provide amplification of a signal. A transistor is a fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and it is used in radios, telephones, computers and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most of them are found in integrated circuits.
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Although several companies each produce over a billion individually-packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, a great number of transistors produced are in integrated circuits (often shortened to IС, microchips or simply chips) to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors.
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The transistor low cost, flexibility and reliability all these factors combined have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer programme to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.
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The two types of transistors (a bipolar transistor and a field-effect transistor) have slight differences in how they are used in the circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals (labelled bases), a collector and an emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gates, sources, and drains, and the voltage at the gate can control the current between the source and the drain.
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From mobile phones to televisions, a great number of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.
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